A system includes a storage tank storing gas. The storage tank includes a storage tank interface portion made from a first material. The system also includes a nozzle that includes a nozzle interface portion and a first portion. The first portion is made from a second material different from the first material. Additionally, the system includes a connection formed by coupling the storage tank interface portion and the nozzle interface portion to one another, and the connection is configured to maintain a leak rate of the gas equal to or less than 110.sup.4 standard cubic centimeters per second (std. cc/s).

A method of operating a bipolar transistor having a source, a drain, and a channel electrically coupled to the source and the drain includes applying a bias voltage to a gate electrically coupled to the channel, increasing a conductivity of the channel via field ionization in response to applying the bias voltage, and conducting current from the source to the drain

A cryogenic electronic package includes a first superconducting multi-chip module (SMCM), a superconducting interposer, a second SMCM and a superconducting semiconductor structure. The interposer is disposed over and coupled to the first SMCM, the second SMCM is disposed over and coupled to the interposer, and the superconducting semiconductor structure is disposed over and coupled to the second SMCM. The second SMCM and the superconducting semiconductor structure are electrically coupled to the first SMCM through the interposer. A method of fabricating a cryogenic electronic package is also provided.

A cryogenic electronic package includes a circuitized substrate, an interposer, a superconducting multichip module (SMCM) and at least one superconducting semiconductor structure. The at least one superconducting semiconductor structure is disposed over and coupled to the SMCM, and the interposer is disposed between the SMCM and the substrate. The SMCM and the at least one superconducting semiconductor structure are electrically coupled to the substrate through the interposer. A cryogenic electronic assembly including a plurality of cryogenic electronic packages is also provided.

A cryogenic system includes an ion trap device configured to be mounted on a trap socket. A magnetic radiation shield of a superconducting material surrounds an ion trap region of the ion trap device. The magnetic radiation shield forms part of the ion trap device and/or the trap socket. A magnet is enclosed by the magnetic radiation shield.

An IC package comprising a substrate with a first vapor chamber; a semiconductor die with a top surface, the semiconductor die stacked over the substrate; wherein the first vapor chamber disposed under the semiconductor die, the first vapor chamber comprises a proximal portion and a distal portion, the proximal portion of the first vapor chamber is thermally coupled to a bottom surface of the semiconductor die; and an encapsulating case encapsulating the semiconductor die and the first vapor chamber, wherein the proximal portion of the first vapor chamber is within the encapsulating case, and the distal portion of the first vapor chamber outside the encapsulating case.

An apparatus for, and method of, providing a desired temperature-differential circuit card environment includes a plurality of card units. Each card unit comprises a first thermal plate having front and back first plate sides oriented in a lateral-longitudinal plane, the first thermal plate operating at a first plate temperature. A second thermal plate has front and back second plate sides oriented in the lateral-longitudinal plane, the second thermal plate operating at a second plate temperature. A coupler is oriented in the lateral-longitudinal plane and is connected to front and/or back first plate sides and to the front and/or back second plate sides to form a card unit. The card units are arranged in a transversely oriented stack with the front first and second plate sides of a second card unit being directly transversely adjacent the back first and second plate sides of the first card unit.

An apparatus for, and method of, providing a desired temperature-differential circuit card environment includes a plurality of card units. Each card unit comprises a first thermal plate having front and back first plate sides oriented in a lateral-longitudinal plane, the first thermal plate operating at a first plate temperature. A second thermal plate has front and back second plate sides oriented in the lateral-longitudinal plane, the second thermal plate operating at a second plate temperature. A coupler is oriented in the lateral-longitudinal plane and is connected to front and/or back first plate sides and to the front and/or back second plate sides to form a card unit. The card units are arranged in a transversely oriented stack with the front first and second plate sides of a second card unit being directly transversely adjacent the back first and second plate sides of the first card unit.

A cryostat socket for holding an ion trap device mounted on a substrate in a cryostat includes a housing frame provided for pre-assembly in the cryostat. A pin insert is arranged in the housing frame. The pin insert includes a base plate and contact pins. The contact pins are arranged in an array. A housing cover has a receptacle for the substrate. The housing cover, when assembled with the housing frame, exerts a compressive force on a front side of the substrate by which a rear side of the substrate is pressed onto the contact pins.

The invention relates to a cryogenic refrigeration device comprising an enclosure delimiting a fluidtight vacuum volume closed by a cover, the device comprising at least one cryogenic cooler mounted through the cover and of the type that employs a cold source of cryogenic-cycle fluid such as helium, the device comprising at least one heat-conducting plate intended to receive and cool a component and cooled by a stream of cycle fluid via a cycle-fluid circuit supplying a set of heat exchangers, the cycle-fluid circuit having a pipe conveying cycle fluid first of all to a manifold mounted on the plate, the cycle-fluid circuit having at least one transfer pipe configured to transfer cycle fluid from the manifold to at least one heat exchanger mounted on the same plate, the cycle-fluid circuit having at least one return pipe configured to return fluid that has circulated through the at least one heat exchanger to the manifold.