A solar cell and a photovoltaic module including the same are provided. The solar cell includes a substrate having a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other; a first passivation stack disposed on the first surface and including a first oxygen-rich dielectric layer, a first silicon-rich dielectric layer, a second oxygen-rich dielectric layer, and a second silicon-rich dielectric layer that are sequentially disposed in a direction away from the first surface, wherein an atomic fraction of oxygen in the first oxygen-rich dielectric layer is less than an atomic fraction of oxygen in the second oxygen-rich dielectric layer; a tunneling oxide layer disposed on the second surface; a doped conductive layer disposed on a surface of the tunneling oxide layer; and a second passivation layer disposed on a surface of the doped conductive layer.

Provided is a solar power generation module, comprising: a lower substrate 100 into which solar cells 200 are inserted; and an upper substrate 300 disposed on the lower substrate 100, wherein the lower substrate 100 comprises piercing parts 110 configured to pass through the lower substrate 100, or spatial groove parts 115 formed in their respective groove shapes in the lower substrate 100, each of the solar cells 200 is disposed in a space between each of the piercing parts 110 or the spatial grove parts 115 of the lower substrate 100, and the upper substrate 300 is disposed at an upper portion of the lower substrate 100 into which the solar cells 200 are inserted.

Provided is a solar power generation module, comprising: a lower substrate 100 into which solar cells 200 are inserted; and an upper substrate 300 disposed on the lower substrate 100, wherein the lower substrate 100 comprises piercing parts 110 configured to pass through the lower substrate 100, or spatial groove parts 115 formed in their respective groove shapes in the lower substrate 100, each of the solar cells 200 is disposed in a space between each of the piercing parts 110 or the spatial grove parts 115 of the lower substrate 100, and the upper substrate 300 is disposed at an upper portion of the lower substrate 100 into which the solar cells 200 are inserted.

A photovoltaic apparatus (1000) is provided including a front sheet (250) having a first portion (2501) and a second portion (2502). The photovoltaic apparatus further includes a back sheet (210) having a first portion (2101), a second portion (2102), and a first folded portion (2103), where the second portion of the front sheet is disposed between the second portion of the back sheet and the first folded portion of the back sheet. The photovoltaic apparatus further includes one or more photovoltaic devices (100) disposed between the first portion of the front sheet and the first portion of the back sheet, where each of the one or more photovoltaic devices includes an array of photovoltaic cells (105).

A photovoltaic apparatus (1000) is provided including a front sheet (250) having a first portion (2501) and a second portion (2502). The photovoltaic apparatus further includes a back sheet (210) having a first portion (2101), a second portion (2102), and a first folded portion (2103), where the second portion of the front sheet is disposed between the second portion of the back sheet and the first folded portion of the back sheet. The photovoltaic apparatus further includes one or more photovoltaic devices (100) disposed between the first portion of the front sheet and the first portion of the back sheet, where each of the one or more photovoltaic devices includes an array of photovoltaic cells (105).

A photovoltaic panel having a distributed support frame adhered to a photovoltaic module is described. For example, the distributed support frame may include one or more support member or support mounts adhered to the photovoltaic module by an adhesive layer. The photovoltaic module may include layers bound together by an encapsulant. Accordingly, the distributed support frame may be attached to the photovoltaic module during a same lamination process used to laminate the photovoltaic module.

Systems and methods for self-cleaning a surface of an object where an electrodynamic shield is mounted to a surface of the object. The electrodynamic shield includes one or more sets of electrodes atop a substrate, at least one or more sets of electrodes being covered in a protective film. A coating is applied to the top surface of the protection film. A signal pulse generator is connected to the one or more sets of electrodes. The signal pulse generator generates a pulse signal that causes the one or more sets of electrodes to generate an electric field. The pulse signal comprises a plurality of different pulse signals which have phase differences between consecutive signals, and the electric field causes a particle atop the coating to experience an electrostatic force and be repelled away from the coating. These pulse signals (including shapes, amplitudes, shifts, and frequencies) can be tuned to increase efficiency of removal depending on dust type and relative humidity.

Systems and methods for self-cleaning a surface of an object where an electrodynamic shield is mounted to a surface of the object. The electrodynamic shield includes one or more sets of electrodes atop a substrate, at least one or more sets of electrodes being covered in a protective film. A coating is applied to the top surface of the protection film. A signal pulse generator is connected to the one or more sets of electrodes. The signal pulse generator generates a pulse signal that causes the one or more sets of electrodes to generate an electric field. The pulse signal comprises a plurality of different pulse signals which have phase differences between consecutive signals, and the electric field causes a particle atop the coating to experience an electrostatic force and be repelled away from the coating. These pulse signals (including shapes, amplitudes, shifts, and frequencies) can be tuned to increase efficiency of removal depending on dust type and relative humidity.

Polymer-based selective radiative cooling structures are provided which include a selectively emissive layer of a polymer or a polymer matrix composite material. Exemplary selective radiative cooling structures are in the form of a sheet, film or coating. Also provided are methods for removing heat from a body by selective thermal radiation using polymer-based selective radiative cooling structures.

The present invention relates to an assembly (I) for covering a surface, in particular a roof, comprising:—a support membrane (13),—a laminate (2) comprising:—at least one layer of photovoltaic cells (3) connected to each other,—a front encapsulation layer (5) and a rear encapsulation layer (7) sandwiching the layer of photovoltaic cells (3), in which at least one of the encapsulation layers (5, 7) comprises glass fibers (9) and in which the assembly comprising the support membrane (13) bonded to the laminate (2) has a stiffness and an inertia such that the product of the stiffness and the inertia is greater than 30,000 daN.Math.kg.Math.m.sup.3.