Systems and methods are provided for wirelessly transferring power to a multi junction photovoltaic cell of a space apparatus via a light emission system. The light emission system uses multiple lasers emitting different wavelengths and/or photon energies to produce electron-hole pairs in each layer of the multi junction photovoltaic cell to prompt power generation by the multi junction photovoltaic cell. The light emission system may be located on Earth or on another space apparatus. The multi junction photovoltaic cell can convert sunlight and the light emitted by the light emission system into electrical energy.

Systems and methods are provided for wirelessly transferring power to a multi junction photovoltaic cell of a space apparatus via a light emission system. The light emission system uses multiple lasers emitting different wavelengths and/or photon energies to produce electron-hole pairs in each layer of the multi junction photovoltaic cell to prompt power generation by the multi junction photovoltaic cell. The light emission system may be located on Earth or on another space apparatus. The multi junction photovoltaic cell can convert sunlight and the light emitted by the light emission system into electrical energy.

An imaging device may include single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). To improve the sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio of the SPADs, light scattering structures may be formed in the semiconductor substrate to increase the path length of incident light through the semiconductor substrate. To mitigate crosstalk, an isolation structure may be formed in a ring around the SPAD. The isolation structure may be a hybrid isolation structure with both a metal filler that absorbs light and a low-index filler that reflects light. The isolation structure may be formed as a single trench or may include a backside deep trench isolation portion and a front side deep trench isolation portion. The isolation structure may also include a color filtering material.

An imaging device may include single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). To improve the sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio of the SPADs, light scattering structures may be formed in the semiconductor substrate to increase the path length of incident light through the semiconductor substrate. To mitigate crosstalk, an isolation structure may be formed in a ring around the SPAD. The isolation structure may be a hybrid isolation structure with both a metal filler that absorbs light and a low-index filler that reflects light. The isolation structure may be formed as a single trench or may include a backside deep trench isolation portion and a front side deep trench isolation portion. The isolation structure may also include a color filtering material.

A light conversion package for a semiconductor light source includes a light conversion block, a substrate, and an interconnector. The light conversion block is positioned to receive incident light from the semiconductor light source and acts to convert the incident light to light having a different spectral distribution. The interconnector attaches the light conversion block to the substrate and limits a thermal resistance between the light conversion block and the substrate so that the substrate can efficiently sink heat from the light conversion block. The interconnector and the substrate together may still provide high reflectivity.

A light conversion package for a semiconductor light source includes a light conversion block, a substrate, and an interconnector. The light conversion block is positioned to receive incident light from the semiconductor light source and acts to convert the incident light to light having a different spectral distribution. The interconnector attaches the light conversion block to the substrate and limits a thermal resistance between the light conversion block and the substrate so that the substrate can efficiently sink heat from the light conversion block. The interconnector and the substrate together may still provide high reflectivity.

The present invention relates to the design and fabrication of a device able to efficiently convert broad-spectrum, microwave to X-ray, electromagnetic energy into electricity. Exciton Scavenger fabrication requires intercalation of rare earth ion containing crystallites, quantum-dots, or nanoparticles within a one-dimensional semiconducting material nanoarchitecture, such as arrays of nanowires or nanotubes.

A photovoltaic array of photovoltaic solar cells; a smart dynamic programmable circuit breaker for electrically providing a pulsed 100 microseconds duration short circuit to the photovoltaic array electrical outputs, wherein a response time for the smart dynamic programmable circuit breaker is more than 1 millisecond when responding to a short circuit; a computer program comprising instructions that when executed by the processor perform functions that control the smart dynamic programmable circuit breaker, the computer program comprising: instructions to command the smart dynamic programmable circuit breaker to initiate the 100 microsecond pulsed short circuit; instructions to measure a current magnitude and current rise time of the smart photovoltaic system outputs during the 100 microsecond pulsed short circuit; and instructions to select a behavior curve from a plurality of smart dynamic programmable circuit breaker behavior curves 10% above the current magnitude and current rise time during the pulsed short circuit.

A photovoltaic array of photovoltaic solar cells; a smart dynamic programmable circuit breaker for electrically providing a pulsed 100 microseconds duration short circuit to the photovoltaic array electrical outputs, wherein a response time for the smart dynamic programmable circuit breaker is more than 1 millisecond when responding to a short circuit; a computer program comprising instructions that when executed by the processor perform functions that control the smart dynamic programmable circuit breaker, the computer program comprising: instructions to command the smart dynamic programmable circuit breaker to initiate the 100 microsecond pulsed short circuit; instructions to measure a current magnitude and current rise time of the smart photovoltaic system outputs during the 100 microsecond pulsed short circuit; and instructions to select a behavior curve from a plurality of smart dynamic programmable circuit breaker behavior curves 10% above the current magnitude and current rise time during the pulsed short circuit.

A spacer for a multi-pane insulating glazing unit includes a spacer body made from a first material with first and second hollow desiccant chambers extending in a longitudinal direction and a longitudinal groove between the first and second chambers open to a first side of the spacer for holding an intermediate pane of the glazing unit, the groove being delimited in a width direction by first and second side walls and having a bottom wall, and the spacer body having a gas barrier on a second side opposite the first side. The first side wall and/or the second side wall and/or the bottom wall of the groove include at least two electrically conductive portions electrically isolated from each other and configured to make electrical contact with at least one electrical contact of the intermediate pane.