A detection device detects the presence of a chemical or biological agent in an environment. The detection device includes a metal layer including a plurality of electrodes. The device further includes a graphene layer covering a surface of the metal layer of electrodes and a detection layer connected to the electrodes. Contact of a biological or chemical agent with a surface of the graphene layer causes a change in resistance of the graphene layer. The detection layer includes detection circuitry configured to detect the change in resistance as a function of a measured change in a current or voltage between adjacent electrodes.

An encapsulated integrated photodetector waveguide structures with alignment tolerance and methods of manufacture are disclosed. The method includes forming a waveguide structure bounded by one or more shallow trench isolation (STI) structure(s). The method further includes forming a photodetector fully landed on the waveguide structure.

A method of manufacturing a solar cell can include forming a silicon oxide film on a semiconductor substrate and successively exposing the silicon oxide film to a temperature in a range of 570 C. to 700 C. to anneal the silicon oxide film.

A solar energy collection and transmission device includes a light-transmitting body, a transmission layer and a plurality of reflectors connected to each other, wherein the transmission layer is provided with a light collection port. Each reflector includes an acquisition transmission plate having a reflective surface defined by an arc. The solar energy collection and transmission device also has a large light wavelength collection range which can be directly utilized or transformed after collection, having a high aggregation degree, small transmission loss, unrestricted shape and wide application range.

The present disclosure discloses a device for welding a bus bar of a solar cell, including a welding platform, a laser, a sensor and a laser adjustment mechanism. The laser is disposed over the welding platform. The laser adjustment mechanism is connected to the laser. The surface of the welding platform is provided with the sensor. In the device for welding a bus bar of a solar cell according to the present disclosure, laser welding is employed instead of the conventional manual soldering iron welding and resistance heating welding, and the power of the laser can be adjusted as desired with the laser adjustment mechanism, thereby better controlling the accuracy and uniformity of the welding temperature of the bus bar. Compared with the related art, it can improve the welding quality of the bus bar, avoid the positional deviation between the bus bar and the drain bar, reduce the bad phenomenon such as the false welding or the missing welding and improve the overall performance of the photovoltaic module.

A solar cell according to one embodiment of the present invention is provided with: an n-type crystalline silicon wafer having an n.sup.+ layer in the entire wafer surface and in the vicinity thereof, said n.sup.+ layer having a higher n-type dopant concentration than the other regions; a low concentration P-containing silicon oxide layer which is formed on a light receiving surface of the n-type crystalline silicon wafer; an n-type crystalline silicon layer which is formed on the low concentration P-containing silicon oxide layer; and a p-type amorphous silicon layer which is formed on the back surface side of the n-type crystalline silicon wafer.

A method for fabricating a device with integrated photovoltaic cells includes supporting a semiconductor substrate on a first handle substrate and doping the semiconductor substrate to form doped alternating regions with opposite conductivity. A doped layer is formed over a first side the semiconductor substrate. A conductive material is patterned over the doped layer to form conductive islands such that the conductive islands are aligned with the alternating regions to define a plurality of photovoltaic cells connected in series on a monolithic structure.

One embodiment can provide a solar module. The solar module can include one or more moisture-resistant photovoltaic structures. A respective photovoltaic structure can include a base layer, an emitter layer positioned on a first side of the base layer, and a moisture barrier layer positioned on a first side of the emitter layer, thereby reducing the amount of moisture that reaches a junction between the base layer and the emitter layer.

A photodiode according to an embodiment includes: a semiconductor layer including a first area, a second area, and a third area; a first electrode electrically connected to the first area; and a second electrode electrically connected to the third area, wherein the first area includes a p-type semiconductor area, the third area includes an n-type semiconductor area, and the thickness of the semiconductor layer is 50 nanometers to 800 nanometers.

An encapsulated integrated photodetector waveguide structures with alignment tolerance and methods of manufacture are disclosed. The method includes forming a waveguide structure bounded by one or more shallow trench isolation (STI) structure(s). The method further includes forming a photodetector fully landed on the waveguide structure.