A method for manufacturing an electrode having a porosity of between 20% and 60% by volume and pores with an average diameter of less than 50 nm. In the method, provision is made of a substrate and a colloidal suspension of aggregates or agglomerates of monodisperse primary nanoparticles of an active electrode material, having an average primary diameter D.sub.50 of between 2 and 100 nm, the aggregates or agglomerates having an average diameter D.sub.50 of between 50 nm and 300 nm. A layer is deposited from said colloidal suspension on the substrate. The deposited layer is then dried and consolidated to obtain a mesoporous layer. A coating of an electronically conductive material is then deposited on and inside the pores of the porous layer. Such a porous electrode can be used in lithium-ion microbatteries.

An electrode includes at least one of sulfur (S) or selenium (Se), and a functionalized metal organic framework (R-MOF), the functionalized metal organic framework (R-MOF) having a functional group (R) attached to an organic portion of a metal organic framework (MOF). The functionalized metal organic framework (R-MOF) is adapted to react with at least one of electrochemically accessible sulfur (S) or selenium (Se) to capture at least one of lithium polysulfide or sodium polysulfide via covalent attachment of sulfur (S) or selenium (Se), respectively, to the functional group (R) of the functionalized metal organic framework (R-MOF).

A positive electrode material includes a first lithium manganese iron phosphate material in an aggregate form, a second and third lithium manganese iron phosphate materials in an aggregate and/or single-crystal-like form, and a fourth and fifth lithium manganese iron phosphate materials in a single-crystal-like form. D.sub.50.sup.5<D.sub.50.sup.4<D.sub.50.sup.3<D.sub.50.sup.2<D.sub.50.sup.1, D.sub.50.sup.2=aD.sub.50.sup.1, D.sub.50.sup.3=bD.sub.50.sup.1, D.sub.50.sup.4=cD.sub.50.sup.1, D.sub.50.sup.5=dD.sub.50.sup.1, and 5 μm≤D.sub.50.sup.1≤15 μm. 0.35≤a≤0.5, 0.2≤b≤0.27, 0.17≤c≤0.18, and 0.15≤d≤0.16. Molar ratios of manganese to iron in the first, the second, the third and the fourth lithium manganese iron phosphate materials increase sequentially, and a molar ratio of manganese to iron in the fifth lithium manganese iron phosphate material is greater than that in the third lithium manganese iron phosphate material.

Electrodes are formed with a porous layer of particulate electrode material bonded to each of the two major sides of a compatible metal current collector. In one embodiment, opposing electrodes are formed with like lithium-ion battery anode materials or like cathode materials or capacitor materials on both sides of the current collector. In another embodiment, a battery electrode material is applied to one side of a current collector and capacitor material is applied to the other side. In general, the electrodes are formed by combining a suitable grouping of capacitor layers with un-equal numbers of anode and cathode battery layers. One or more pairs of opposing electrodes are assembled to provide a combination of battery and capacitor energy and power properties in a hybrid electrochemical cell. The cells may be formed by stacking or winding rolls of the opposing electrodes with interposed separators.

Electrodes are formed with a porous layer of particulate electrode material bonded to each of the two major sides of a compatible metal current collector. In one embodiment, opposing electrodes are formed with like lithium-ion battery anode materials or like cathode materials or capacitor materials on both sides of the current collector. In another embodiment, a battery electrode material is applied to one side of a current collector and capacitor material is applied to the other side. In general, the electrodes are formed by combining a suitable grouping of capacitor layers with un-equal numbers of anode and cathode battery layers. One or more pairs of opposing electrodes are assembled to provide a combination of battery and capacitor energy and power properties in a hybrid electrochemical cell. The cells may be formed by stacking or winding rolls of the opposing electrodes with interposed separators.

Provided are various embodiments of a positive electrode for a secondary battery, which in one embodiment includes a first positive electrode material mixture layer formed on a positive electrode collector, and a second positive electrode material mixture layer formed on the first positive electrode material mixture layer, wherein the first positive electrode material mixture layer has an operating voltage of 4.25 V to 6.0 V and includes an active material for overcharge which generates lithium and gas during charge; a method of preparing such a positive electrode for a secondary battery; and a lithium secondary battery including such a positive electrode.

A positive electrode including a positive electrode current collector, an intermediate layer disposed on the positive electrode current collector and including a conductive agent and inorganic particles, and a positive electrode mixture layer disposed on the intermediate layer and including a positive electrode active material and a hydrogen phosphate salt represented by the general formula MaHbPO4 (wherein a satisfies 1≤a≤2, b satisfies 1≤b≤2, and M includes at least one element selected from alkali metals and alkaline earth metals), the positive electrode satisfying 0.5≤X≤3.0, 1.0≤Y≤7.0, and 0.07≤X/Y≤3.0 wherein X is the mass ratio (mass %) of the hydrogen phosphate salt relative to the total mass of the positive electrode active material and Y is the mass ratio (mass %) of the conductive agent relative to the total mass of the intermediate layer.

A positive electrode including a positive electrode current collector, an intermediate layer disposed on the positive electrode current collector and including a conductive agent and inorganic particles, and a positive electrode mixture layer disposed on the intermediate layer and including a positive electrode active material and a hydrogen phosphate salt represented by the general formula MaHbPO4 (wherein a satisfies 1≤a≤2, b satisfies 1≤b≤2, and M includes at least one element selected from alkali metals and alkaline earth metals), the positive electrode satisfying 0.5≤X≤3.0, 1.0≤Y≤7.0, and 0.07≤X/Y≤3.0 wherein X is the mass ratio (mass %) of the hydrogen phosphate salt relative to the total mass of the positive electrode active material and Y is the mass ratio (mass %) of the conductive agent relative to the total mass of the intermediate layer.

A positive-electrode material for a lithium secondary battery is provided. The material includes a lithium oxide compound or a complex oxide as reactive substance. The material also includes at least one type of carbon material, and optionally a binder. A first type of carbon material is provided as a coating on the reactive substance particles surface. A second type of carbon material is carbon black. And a third type of carbon material is a fibrous carbon material provided as a mixture of at least two types of fibrous carbon material different in fiber diameter and/or fiber length. Also, a method for preparing the material as well as lithium secondary batteries including the material is provided.

A positive-electrode material for a lithium secondary battery is provided. The material includes a lithium oxide compound or a complex oxide as reactive substance. The material also includes at least one type of carbon material, and optionally a binder. A first type of carbon material is provided as a coating on the reactive substance particles surface. A second type of carbon material is carbon black. And a third type of carbon material is a fibrous carbon material provided as a mixture of at least two types of fibrous carbon material different in fiber diameter and/or fiber length. Also, a method for preparing the material as well as lithium secondary batteries including the material is provided.