An all-solid secondary battery includes: a cathode layer including a cathode active material; an anode layer including an anode current collector, a first anode active material layer, and a second anode active material layer between the anode current collector and the first anode active material layer; and a solid electrolyte layer between the cathode layer and the anode layer and including a solid electrolyte, wherein the first anode active material layer is adjacent to the solid electrolyte layer, has pores, and contains a metal or metal alloy capable of forming an alloy or a compound with lithium, and the second anode active material layer includes a second anode active material including a carbon anode active material and optionally a metal or metalloid anode active material.

A lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises a cathode and an anode. The cathode comprises lithium metal oxide particles that contains lithium and metal elements. The lithium metal oxide particles have a concentration gradient region formed in at least one region between a center and a surface. A concentration of at least one of the metal elements is changed in the concentration gradient region. The anode comprises an anode active material that contains a silicon-based active material and a carbon-based active material. A content of the carbon-based active material in the anode active material is greater than a content of the silicon-based active material.

A negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery, in which a LiF layer comprising amorphous LiF in an amount of 30 mol % or more is formed on a negative electrode active material layer comprising a carbon-based active material, a lithium secondary battery comprising the same, and a preparation method thereof.

A process for the recovery of lithium from waste lithium ion batteries or parts thereof is disclosed. The process comprising the steps of A) providing a crude lithium hydroxide as a solid, which contains fluoride; and (B) dissolving the crude lithium hydroxide solid with a lower alcohol such as methanol or ethanol provides good separation of lithium in high purity.

A method of depositing a material on a substrate is provided. The method includes generating a plasma remote from one or more sputter targets suitable for plasma sputtering, wherein at least one distinct region of the one or more targets includes an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, alkali metal containing compound, alkaline earth metal containing compound or a combination thereof; generating sputtered material from the target or targets using the plasma; and depositing the sputtered material on the substrate, the working distance between the target and the substrate being within +/−50% of the theoretical mean free path of the system.

A lithium-ion secondary battery is provided, where an electrolyte solution of the lithium-ion secondary battery comprises a highly heat-stable salt (M.sup.y+).sub.x/yR.sub.1(SO.sub.2N.sup.−).sub.xSO.sub.2R.sub.2, where the M.sup.y+ is a metal ion, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently a fluorine atom, an alkyl with 1-20 carbon atoms, a fluoroalkyl with 1-20 carbon atoms, or a fluoroalkoxy with 1-20 carton atoms, x is 1, 2, or 3, and y is 1, 2, or 3. A mass percent of the salt in the electrolyte solution is set as k2%; a temperature rise coefficient k1 of the positive electrode sheet satisfies 2.5≤k1≤32, where k1=Cw/Mc, Cw is a positive electrode material load per unit area (mg/cm.sup.2) on the surface of any side of the positive electrode current collector on which a positive electrode material layer is loaded, and Mc is a carbon content (%) of the positive electrode material layer; and the lithium-ion secondary battery satisfies 0.34≤k2/k1≤8.

A lithium battery includes a cathode including a cathode active material; an anode including an anode active material; and an organic electrolytic solution between the cathode and the anode, wherein the anode active material includes a carbonaceous anode active material and a metallic anode active material, in an XRD spectrum of the anode, a peak intensity ratio (la/lb) of a peak intensity (la) of a carbonaceous anode active material oriented in a direction non-parallel to a surface of the anode to all peak intensities (lb) of the carbonaceous anode active material oriented in all directions is about 0.15 or more, and the organic electrolytic solution includes a first lithium salt, an organic solvent, and a bicyclic sulfate-based compound represented by Formula 1 below:

##STR00001##

A lithium battery includes a cathode including a cathode active material; an anode including an anode active material; and an organic electrolytic solution between the cathode and the anode, wherein the anode active material includes a carbonaceous anode active material and a metallic anode active material, in an XRD spectrum of the anode, a peak intensity ratio (la/lb) of a peak intensity (la) of a carbonaceous anode active material oriented in a direction non-parallel to a surface of the anode to all peak intensities (lb) of the carbonaceous anode active material oriented in all directions is about 0.15 or more, and the organic electrolytic solution includes a first lithium salt, an organic solvent, and a bicyclic sulfate-based compound represented by Formula 1 below:

##STR00001##

Preparation, characterization, and an electrochemical study of Mg.sub.0.1V.sub.2O.sub.5 prepared by a novel sol-gel method with no high-temperature post-processing are disclosed. Cyclic voltammetry showed the material to be quasi-reversible, with improved kinetics in an acetonitrile-, relative to a carbonate-, based electrolyte. Galvanostatic test data under a C/10 discharge showed a delivered capacity >250 mAh/g over several cycles. Based on these results, a magnesium anode battery, as disclosed, would yield an average operating voltage ˜3.2 Volts with an energy density ˜800 mWh/g for the cathode material, making the newly synthesized material a viable cathode material for secondary magnesium batteries.

Preparation, characterization, and an electrochemical study of Mg.sub.0.1V.sub.2O.sub.5 prepared by a novel sol-gel method with no high-temperature post-processing are disclosed. Cyclic voltammetry showed the material to be quasi-reversible, with improved kinetics in an acetonitrile-, relative to a carbonate-, based electrolyte. Galvanostatic test data under a C/10 discharge showed a delivered capacity >250 mAh/g over several cycles. Based on these results, a magnesium anode battery, as disclosed, would yield an average operating voltage ˜3.2 Volts with an energy density ˜800 mWh/g for the cathode material, making the newly synthesized material a viable cathode material for secondary magnesium batteries.