The organic expander in a negative electrode material of a lead-acid battery contains an S polymer having an aromatic ring and an L polymer having an aromatic ring, and a mass MS1 of the S polymer and a mass ML1 of the L polymer satisfy 0.05≤ML1/(ML1+MS1)≤0.15.

A secondary battery has a battery body and a restraint. The battery body has a plurality of stacked power generation elements. The restraint restrains the battery body. The restraint has a first contact section (for applying a restraining force to an outermost layer surface (e.g., a negative electrode collector) of the battery body. The restraint is configured so that a stress occurring at a boundary of a non-contact region and a contact region of the first contact section is less than a breaking strength of the negative electrode collector, and the stress is based on the restraining force and on expansion and contraction of a negative electrode due to a change in volume of a negative electrode active material layer caused by charging and discharging.

A lead-acid battery is disclosed. The lead-acid storage battery has a container with a cover, the container including one or more compartments. One or more cell elements are provided in the one or more compartments. The one or more cell elements include a positive plate, the positive plate having a positive grid and a positive electrochemically active material on the positive grid; a negative plate, the negative plate having a negative grid and a negative electrochemically active material on the negative grid, wherein the negative electrochemically active material comprises barium sulfate and an organic expander; and a separator between the positive plate and the negative plate. Electrolyte is provided within the container. One or more terminal posts extend from the cover and are electrically coupled to the one or more cell elements.

A blended expander formula for use in the preparation of lead acid battery electrodes is disclosed. The mixture comprises fine particle barium sulfate, a first oxylignin, a second oxylignin, and a carbonaceous material. A method, a negative paste, and a negative electrode including the blended expander mixture are also disclosed. A lead-acid absorbent glass mat battery is further disclosed.

Lead-acid batteries with low water consumption and hydrogen gassing, comprise electrodes of a carbon fibre material having a surface area of less than 50 m.sup.2/g. The carbon fibre material may also comprise non-carbon functional groups less than 22% by mass in the bulk fibre, and at least 78% carbon by mass in the bulk fibre. The carbon fibre material may be heated to a temperature of at least 1000° C. and cooled in an inert atmosphere to prevent non-carbon functional groups reforming on the carbonised carbon fibre material. The batteries are suitable for use in hybrid vehicles.

An organic expander for a lead storage battery, the organic expander containing lignin in which the methoxy group content relative to the solid content is 3 to 20 mass %, wherein the organic expander contains an organic acid in an amount of 0.0001 to 5 mass % relative to the solid content of the organic expander. It is possible to improve charge acceptance while maintaining the discharge characteristics of the lead storage battery.

A lead-acid battery provided with a negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate, and an electrolyte solution. The negative electrode plate includes a negative current collector and a negative electrode material. When it is defined in a log differential pore volume distribution of the negative electrode material that a) a region having a pore size of 1 to 3 μm is a P region, b) a region having a pore size of 6 to 15 μm is a Q region, c) a maximum value of the log differential pore volume in the P region is P, and d) a maximum value of the log differential pore volume in the Q region is Q, after initial degradation, during use, or after 1220 cycles in a light-load life test in which charge and discharge of constant current discharge at 25 A for one minute and constant voltage charge at 2.47 V/cell and an upper limit current of 25 A for ten minutes are repeated at a test temperature of 75° C., the log differential pore volume distribution of the negative electrode material has a peak p corresponding to the maximum value P in the P region and a peak q corresponding to the maximum value Q in the Q region, and the maximum value P and the maximum value Q satisfy 0.25≤P/(P+Q)≤0.63.

A blended expander formula for use in the preparation of lead acid battery electrodes is disclosed. The mixture comprises fine particle barium sulfate, a first oxylignin, a second oxylignin, and a carbonaceous material. A method, a negative paste, and a negative electrode including the blended expander mixture are also disclosed. A lead-acid absorbent glass mat battery is further disclosed.

A negative electrode plate for a lead-acid battery includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode material. The negative electrode material contains an organic expander. The organic expander includes a condensate containing a bisphenol S unit and a phenolsulfonic acid unit.

Batteries comprise a carbon fibre electrode construction of the invention and have improved DCA and/or CCA, and/or may maintain DCA with an increasing number of charge-discharge cycles, and thus may be particularly suitable for use in hybrid vehicles.