Herein disclosed is a method of making an electrochemical reactor comprising a) depositing a composition on a substrate to form a slice; b) drying the slice using a non-contact dryer; c) sintering the slice using electromagnetic radiation (EMR), wherein the electrochemical reactor comprises an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte between the anode and the cathode. In an embodiment, the electrochemical reactor comprises at least one unit, wherein the unit comprises the anode, the cathode, the electrolyte and an interconnect and wherein the unit has a thickness of no greater than 1 mm. In an embodiment, the anode is no greater than 50 microns in thickness, the cathode is no greater than 50 microns in thickness, and the electrolyte is no greater than 10 microns in thickness.

A fuel cell 1 includes a silicon substrate 2, a porous support material layer 5, a plurality of holes 60 or columns 40, and a stacked body. The stacked body includes an upper electrode layer 10, a solid electrolyte layer 100 and a lower electrode layer 20. The upper electrode layer 10 is also formed on a surface parallel to a main surface of the silicon substrate 2 in a manner of being continuous to the upper electrode layer 10 formed in the plurality of holes 60 or columns 40, or the lower electrode layer 20 is also formed on a surface parallel to the main surface of the silicon substrate 2 in a manner of being continuous to the lower electrode layer 20 formed in the plurality of holes 60 or columns 40. The stacked body is supported by the porous support material layer 5 in at least upper end portions and lower end portions of the plurality of holes 60 or columns 40.

A metal support for an electrochemical element where the metal support includes a plate face, has a plate shape as a whole, and has a warping degree of 1.5×10.sup.−2 or less determined by calculating a least square value through the least squares method using at least three points in the plate face of the metal support, calculating a first difference between the least square value and a positive-side maximum displacement value on a positive side with respect to the least square value and a second difference between the least square value and a negative-side maximum displacement value on a negative side that is opposite to the positive side with respect to the least square value, and dividing the sum of the first difference and the second difference by a maximum length of the plate face of the metal support that passes through a center of gravity.

In some examples, a fuel cell including a first electrochemical cell; a second electrochemical cell; an interconnect configured to conduct a flow of electrons from the first electrochemical cell to the second electrochemical cell; and a dense oxygen barrier layer separating the interconnect from one of a cathode or a cathode conductor layer adjacent the cathode, wherein the dense barrier layer is formed of a ceramic material exhibiting a low porosity and a high conductivity such that the dense oxygen barrier layer reduces at least one precious metal loss from the interconnect or oxidation of nickel metal in the interconnect.

Provided are a solid oxide fuel cell/electrolytic cell and electric stack, which relate to the field of cells. A metal support frame is molded in one step or more steps through the additive manufacturing technology. And then a fuel/electrolytic cell functional layer is formed on the metal support frame by means of thermal spraying, tape casting, screen printing or chemical vapor deposition method, and self-sealing of the solid oxide fuel cell/electrolytic cell is realized through a dense structure of electrolyte.

Provided are a solid oxide fuel cell/electrolytic cell and electric stack, which relate to the field of cells. A metal support frame is molded in one step or more steps through the additive manufacturing technology. And then a fuel/electrolytic cell functional layer is formed on the metal support frame by means of thermal spraying, tape casting, screen printing or chemical vapor deposition method, and self-sealing of the solid oxide fuel cell/electrolytic cell is realized through a dense structure of electrolyte.

The present invention relates to an improved metal supported solid oxide fuel cell unit, fuel cell stacks, fuel cell stack assemblies, and methods of manufacture.

The present invention relates to an improved metal supported solid oxide fuel cell unit, fuel cell stacks, fuel cell stack assemblies, and methods of manufacture.

Provided are a solid oxide fuel cell/electrolytic cell and electric stack, which relate to the field of cells. A metal support frame is molded in one step or more steps through the additive manufacturing technology. And then a fuel/electrolytic cell functional layer is formed on the metal support frame by means of thermal spraying, tape casting, screen printing or chemical vapor deposition method, and self-sealing of the solid oxide fuel cell/electrolytic cell is realized through a dense structure of electrolyte.

Provided are a solid oxide fuel cell/electrolytic cell and electric stack, which relate to the field of cells. A metal support frame is molded in one step or more steps through the additive manufacturing technology. And then a fuel/electrolytic cell functional layer is formed on the metal support frame by means of thermal spraying, tape casting, screen printing or chemical vapor deposition method, and self-sealing of the solid oxide fuel cell/electrolytic cell is realized through a dense structure of electrolyte.