Described herein are two-stage catalytic heating systems and methods of operating thereof. A system comprises a first-stage catalytic reactor and a second-stage catalytic reactor, configured to operate in sequence and at different operating conditions, For example, the first-stage catalytic reactor is supplied with fuel and oxidant at fuel-rich conditions. The first-stage catalytic reactor generates syngas. The syngas is flown into the second-stage catalytic reactor together with some additional oxidant. The second-stage catalytic reactor operates at fuel-lean conditions and generates exhaust. Splitting the overall fuel oxidation process between the two catalytic reactors allows operating these reactors away from the stoichiometric fuel-oxidant ratio and avoiding excessive temperatures in these reactors. As a result, fewer pollutants are generated during the operation of two-stage catalytic heating systems. For example, the temperatures are maintained below 1.000 C. at all oxidation stages.

The invention utilizes the heat storage capabilities of the mineral family of zeolites. Zeolite media is stored in a container. There is a place to add water to the zeolite in the container that will then release heat. The zeolite media releases its heat and heats a coil that is within the container and extends outside the container to heat a battery or a surrounding area. When the heat stored in the zeolite is exhausted it is recharged by using the heat coil in reverse to heat the zeolite and evaporate the water. The steam leaves the container through a one-way steam valve. Once the water is evaporated the zeolite is recharged with heat and ready for another use. This invention has a simple functionality store heat in zeolite, add water to release heat from zeolite, reheat the zeolite when evaporating the water. The invention contains the infrastructure required.

The invention utilizes the heat storage capabilities of the mineral family of zeolites. Zeolite media is stored in a container. There is a place to add water to the zeolite in the container that will then release heat. The zeolite media releases its heat and heats a coil that is within the container and extends outside the container to heat a battery or a surrounding area. When the heat stored in the zeolite is exhausted it is recharged by using the heat coil in reverse to heat the zeolite and evaporate the water. The steam leaves the container through a one-way steam valve. Once the water is evaporated the zeolite is recharged with heat and ready for another use. This invention has a simple functionality store heat in zeolite, add water to release heat from zeolite, reheat the zeolite when evaporating the water. The invention contains the infrastructure required.

This disclosure describes safety-enhancement state-of-charge (SOC) reduction devices for propagation resistant lithium-ion batteries. The SOC reduction device is added between the electrodes of a lithium-ion cell. Before thermal runaway can occur, the SOC reduction device shorts the electrodes according to a trigger temperature.

This disclosure describes a battery device with one or more battery cells and an insulation layer that reduces and/or delays thermal propagation. The insulating layer may be hermetically sealed into the cell. The insulating layer may be thermally stable up to 1800 C. The insulating layer may have a thermal conductivity less than 1 W/(m.Math.K). The insulating layer may comprise a ceramic material. For example, the insulating layer may comprise a porous ceramic paper that is saturated or coated with another material.

Electrolyte compositions comprising electrolyte additives and/or solvents for reduction of thermal propagation in lithium-ion batteries are disclosed. Energy storage devices comprising the electrolyte compositions comprise a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode may be a Si-based electrode, a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode, and the electrolyte composition.

This disclosure describes a battery device with one or more battery cells and an insulation layer that reduces and/or delays thermal propagation. The insulating layer may be hermetically sealed into the cell. The insulating layer may be thermally stable up to 1800 C. The insulating layer may have a thermal conductivity less than 1 W/(m.Math.K). The insulating layer may comprise a ceramic material. For example, the insulating layer may comprise a porous ceramic paper that is saturated or coated with another material.

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of coatings, and specifically discloses a coating, a battery, and an electricity-consumption device. A total heat release of the coating in a first temperature range and a second temperature range ranges from 30 J/mg to 60 J/mg. The first temperature range is from 120 C. to 220 C. The second temperature range is from 220 C. to 270 C.

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of coatings, and specifically discloses a coating, a battery, and an electricity-consumption device. A total heat release of the coating in a first temperature range and a second temperature range ranges from 30 J/mg to 60 J/mg. The first temperature range is from 120 C. to 220 C. The second temperature range is from 220 C. to 270 C.

Electrolyte compositions comprising electrolyte additives and/or solvents for reduction of thermal propagation in lithium-ion batteries are disclosed. Energy storage devices comprising the electrolyte compositions comprise a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode may be a Si-based electrode, a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode, and the electrolyte composition.