The present invention provides a method of operating a fuel cell, which method enables a polymer electrolyte membrane to be humidified sufficiently under high-temperature conditions, and can obtain excellent power generation performance. The present invention is a method of operating a fuel cell including a membrane electrode assembly containing an electrolyte membrane, catalyst layers, and gas diffusion layers, the method including a step of setting the operating temperature of the fuel cell at 100° C. or more, wherein, in the step, the relative humidity of supply gas to be supplied to the fuel cell is 70% or more, and the back pressure of the supply gas is 330 kPa or more.

The present invention provides a crosslinker of formula (I) for electrolytes, and a electrolyte composition and a lithium-ion battery including the same, wherein M, R and X are as defined in the description. With the crosslinker of formula (I), not only the mechanical strength, heat resistance, ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability of the prepared electrolyte composition are improved, but also the long-term charge-discharge cycling stability of the lithium-ion battery is improved. The crosslinker has high industrial value.

An electrochemical cell includes a solid state material that functions as an electrolyte and a separator within the electrode assembly. The solid state material is a mixture of a polymer that is interspersed with an ionically conductive ceramic material.

A solid-state lithium-ion battery may include a metal layer. A solid-state lithium-ion battery may include a cathode layer disposed in the metal layer. A solid-state lithium-ion battery may include a reinforced lithiated composite electrolyte layer disposed on the cathode layer. A solid-state lithium-ion battery may include a lithiated ionomer coating layer disposed on the reinforced lithiated composite electrolyte layer. A solid-state lithium-ion battery may include an anode layer disposed on the lithiated ionomer coating layer.

Disclosed are a manufacturing method of a membrane electrode assembly capable of increasing the interfacial adhesion between a polymer electrolyte membrane and a catalyst layer, improving substance delivery and performance, and enhancing hydrogen permeation resistance or oxygen permeability; a membrane electrode assembly manufactured thereby; and a fuel cell comprising the membrane electrode assembly. The manufacturing method of the present invention comprises the steps of: adding a catalyst and a first ionomer to a solvent and dispersing the same, thereby producing a dispersed mixture; adding a second ionomer to the dispersed mixture, thereby producing a coating composition; and applying the coating composition directly onto at least one side of the polymer electrolyte membrane.

A composite polymer electrolyte membrane comprising a nanofiber sheet having a basis weight of 1.5 g/m.sup.2 or more and 4.0 g/m.sup.2 or less, and a proton-conducting polymer, the electrolyte membrane having a sheet shape in which the proton-conducting polymer and the nanofiber sheet are combined, and having an average coefficient of linear expansion of 300 ppm/K or less from 20° C. to 120° C. in an in-plane direction of the sheet shape.

Described herein are cationic polymers having a plurality of quaternary amino groups, methods of making such polymers, and uses of such polymers as ion exchange membranes in electrochemical devices.

A lithium secondary battery including a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a first electrolyte layer facing the negative electrode; and a second electrolyte layer present on the first electrolyte layer, wherein the first electrolyte layer has a higher ion conductivity than the second electrolyte layer, and a lithium secondary battery comprising the electrolyte described above.

The present invention relates to new anion exchange polymers and (blend) membranes made from polymers containing highly fluorinated aromatic groups by means of nucleophilic substitution and processes for their production by means of nucleophilic aromatic substitution and their areas of application in membrane processes, in particular in electrochemical membrane processes such as fuel cells, electrolysis and redox flow batteries.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a non-aqueous electrolyte. In some embodiments, the non-aqueous electrolyte includes a polymeric component and a ceramic component. The polymeric component includes a polyester-based polymer and a polyether-based polymer. The ceramic component includes inorganic materials. In an additional embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to an energy storage device including an anode, a cathode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte of the present disclosure. In a further embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a method of making a non-aqueous electrolyte by mixing a polymeric component and a ceramic component of the present disclosure.