A system for EMNZ metamaterial-based direct antenna modulation. The system includes a signal generator, a metamaterial switch and an antenna. The signal generator may is configured to generate a microwave signal. The metamaterial switch is configured to generate a modulated microwave signal from the microwave signal. The modulated microwave signal is generated by selectively passing the microwave signal through the metamaterial switch. The metamaterial switch includes a first conductive plate and a first loaded conductive plate. The first loaded conductive plate includes a second conductive plate and a first monolayer graphene. The first monolayer graphene includes a first tunable conductivity. The first monolayer graphene is positioned between the first conductive plate and the second conductive plate. An effective permittivity of the metamaterial switch is configured to be adjusted to a predetermined value. The effective permittivity of the metamaterial switch is adjusted responsive to tuning the first tunable conductivity.

Systems according to the present disclosure provide one or more surfaces that function as power radiating surfaces for which at least a portion of the radiating surface includes or is composed of “fractal cells” placed sufficiently closed close together to one another so that a surface wave causes near replication of current present in one fractal cell in an adjacent fractal cell. The fractal cells may lie on a flat or curved sheet or layer and be composed in layers for wide bandwidth or multibandwidth transmission. The area of a surface and its number of fractals determines the gain relative to a single fractal cell. The boundary edges of the surface may be terminated resistively so as to not degrade the cell performance at the edges. The fractal plasmonic surfaces can be utilized to facilitate electrical conduction with lower ohmic resistance than would otherwise be possible in the absence of the fractal plasmonic surface(s) at the same temperature.

A communication system using vector and scalar potential is disclosed. The system uses field-free potentials signaling for many applications where the absence of shielding effects in sea water, plasma or other dense media due to the fact that the absence of (E,B) fields eliminates the possibility of induced charge and current response in the media being transited.

A filter which stops the propagation of an electromagnetic wave of a predetermined frequency band in a signal line or a power supply line is provided. This filter is a conductor connected to the signal line or the power supply line. This conductor is configured to include a linear portion. The first portion of the linear portion with an end portion connected to the signal line or the power supply line has the first width, and the second portion different from the first portion of the linear portion has the second width different from the first width.

A system for EMNZ metamaterial-based direct antenna modulation. The system includes a signal generator, a metamaterial switch and an antenna. The signal generator may is configured to generate a microwave signal. The metamaterial switch is configured to generate a modulated microwave signal from the microwave signal. The modulated microwave signal is generated by selectively passing the microwave signal through the metamaterial switch. The metamaterial switch includes a first conductive plate and a first loaded conductive plate. The first loaded conductive plate includes a second conductive plate and a first monolayer graphene. The first monolayer graphene includes a first tunable conductivity. The first monolayer graphene is positioned between the first conductive plate and the second conductive plate. An effective permittivity of the metamaterial switch is configured to be adjusted to a predetermined value. The effective permittivity of the metamaterial switch is adjusted responsive to tuning the first tunable conductivity.

Systems according to the present disclosure provide one or more surfaces that function as power radiating surfaces for which at least a portion of the radiating surface includes or is composed of fractal cells placed sufficiently closed close together to one another so that a surface wave causes near replication of current present in one fractal cell in an adjacent fractal cell. The fractal cells may lie on a flat or curved sheet or layer and be composed in layers for wide bandwidth or multibandwidth transmission. The area of a surface and its number of fractals determines the gain relative to a single fractal cell. The boundary edges of the surface may be terminated resistively so as to not degrade the cell performance at the edges. The fractal plasmonic surfaces can be utilized to facilitate electrical conduction with lower ohmic resistance than would otherwise be possible in the absence of the fractal plasmonic surface(s) at the same temperature.

A filter which stops the propagation of an electromagnetic wave of a predetermined frequency band in a signal line or a power supply line is provided. This filter is a conductor connected to the signal line or the power supply line. This conductor is configured to include a linear portion. The first portion of the linear portion with an end portion connected to the signal line or the power supply line has the first width, and the second portion different from the first portion of the linear portion has the second width different from the first width.

An electronically tunable metasurface whose reflective phase can be electronically reconfigured to allow effective antenna beam steering. First and second double sided substrates define an intermediate region between them containing liquid crystal in a nematic phase. A first microstrip patch array of the first substrate and a second microstrip patch array of the second substrate are aligned to form a two dimensional array of cells, Each cell comprises a microstrip patch of the first microstrip patch array arranged in spaced apart opposition to a microstrip patch of the second microstrip patch array with a volume of the liquid crystal located therebetween. Each control terminal to the microstrip patch of the second array permits a control voltage to be applied to the cell to control a dielectric value of the volume of the liquid crystal, thereby permitting a reflection phase of the cell to be selectively tuned.

A filter which stops the propagation of an electromagnetic wave of a predetermined frequency band in a signal line or a power supply line is provided. This filter is a conductor connected to the signal line or the power supply line. This conductor is configured to include a linear portion. The first portion of the linear portion with an end portion connected to the signal line or the power supply line has the first width, and the second portion different from the first portion of the linear portion has the second width different from the first width.

An artificial magnet conductor includes a dielectric medium, basic cells, each being formed on a side of a front surface of the dielectric medium, and including a conductive patch pattern and a conductive loop pattern formed with a predetermined gap with the conductive patch pattern, a frequency selective surface on which the basic cells are periodically arranged on the front surface of the dielectric medium, and a conductive layer formed on a side of a rear surface of the dielectric medium. A phase change from an incident wave to a reflected wave with respect to the dielectric medium is set as an addition value in which a first phase change in the gap is added to a second phase change between the basic cell of the dielectric medium and the conductive layer. A thickness of the dielectric medium is calculated using the addition value.