A radar system is used to implement a method. The method includes transmitting radar signals from a radar system located in an environment having reflective surfaces, receiving reflected signals via an antenna, deriving angular information as a function of the antenna configuration, and providing an output as a function of the received reflected signals and the derived angular information, wherein the output is representative of a characteristic of the environment. The antenna may be a patch antenna with patches having overlapping gain patterns or patches arranged as a leaky wave antenna to provide information in received signals from which angular information is derivable.

A radar system is used to implement a method. The method includes transmitting radar signals from a radar system located in an environment having reflective surfaces, receiving reflected signals via an antenna, deriving angular information as a function of the antenna configuration, and providing an output as a function of the received reflected signals and the derived angular information, wherein the output is representative of a characteristic of the environment. The antenna may be a patch antenna with patches having overlapping gain patterns or patches arranged as a leaky wave antenna to provide information in received signals from which angular information is derivable.

A multi-level antenna array includes a plurality of patch antennas. Each layer of a plurality of layers is separated from other layers by a distance and support a portion of the plurality of patch antennas. Each of a plurality of connectors is associated with one of the plurality of layers for supplying a signal for transmission by the associated layer. A feed network on each of the plurality of layers provides a connection between a connector of the plurality of connectors associated with the layer and the portion of the plurality of patch antennas located on the layer. Each layer of the plurality of layers transmits the signal having a different orthogonal function applied thereto and multiplexes each of the signals having the different orthogonal function applied thereto onto a single transmission beam.

A multi-level antenna array includes a plurality of patch antennas. Each layer of a plurality of layers is separated from other layers by a distance and support a portion of the plurality of patch antennas. Each of a plurality of connectors is associated with one of the plurality of layers for supplying a signal for transmission by the associated layer. A feed network on each of the plurality of layers provides a connection between a connector of the plurality of connectors associated with the layer and the portion of the plurality of patch antennas located on the layer. Each layer of the plurality of layers transmits the signal having a different orthogonal function applied thereto and multiplexes each of the signals having the different orthogonal function applied thereto onto a single transmission beam.

A system for forming a beam includes one or more wave sources; one or more surface scattering antennas (for example, one or more holographic metasurface antennas) coupled to the one or more wave sources, wherein each of the one or more surface scattering antennas comprises an array of scattering elements that are dynamically adjustable in response to one or more waves provided by the one or more wave sources to produce a beam; and a beam shaper configured to receive the beam from each of the one or more surface scattering antennas and to redirect the beam, preferably, with gain.

A system for forming a beam includes one or more wave sources; one or more surface scattering antennas (for example, one or more holographic metasurface antennas) coupled to the one or more wave sources, wherein each of the one or more surface scattering antennas comprises an array of scattering elements that are dynamically adjustable in response to one or more waves provided by the one or more wave sources to produce a beam; and a beam shaper configured to receive the beam from each of the one or more surface scattering antennas and to redirect the beam, preferably, with gain.

A system for forming a beam includes one or more wave sources; one or more surface scattering antennas (for example, one or more holographic metasurface antennas) coupled to the one or more wave sources, wherein each of the one or more surface scattering antennas comprises an array of scattering elements that are dynamically adjustable in response to one or more waves provided by the one or more wave sources to produce a beam; and a beam shaper configured to receive the beam from each of the one or more surface scattering antennas and to redirect the beam, preferably, with gain.

Various embodiments of a millimeter-wave wireless point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication system which enables determining preferred directions of transmissions, and transmitting in such preferred directions without routing radio-frequency signals. The system comprises a millimeter-wave focusing element, multiple millimeter-wave antennas, and multiple radio-frequency-integrated circuits (RFICs). In various embodiments, preferred directions are determined, and millimeter-wave beams are transmitted in the preferred directions.

Various embodiments of a millimeter-wave wireless point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication system which enables determining preferred directions of transmissions, and transmitting in such preferred directions without routing radio-frequency signals. The system comprises a millimeter-wave focusing element, multiple millimeter-wave antennas, and multiple radio-frequency-integrated circuits (RFICs). In various embodiments, preferred directions are determined, and millimeter-wave beams are transmitted in the preferred directions.

A spherical reflector antenna, comprising a spherical reflector having a reflective surface; a cylindrical waveguide line feed located along a focal line of the spherical reflector, the cylindrical waveguide having a plurality of axially spaced rings divided by radial fins, each axially spaced ring configured to have a plurality of radiating slots; and at least one sleeve that is detachably attached to the cylindrical waveguide to selectively vary antenna radiation patterns from the radiating slots.