To cool a capacitor including a first electrode and a second electrode, a capacitor cooling structure includes: a conducting part electrically connected with the first electrode; an insulating part that has a first surface including a first position and a second surface including a second position, and is connected with the conducting part at the first position; a first fastening part configured to fasten the conducting part and the insulating part to each other; and a cooling part connected with the second position facing the first position, the conducting part and the cooling part being electrically insulated from each other by the insulating part.

To cool a capacitor including a first electrode and a second electrode, a capacitor cooling structure includes: a conducting part electrically connected with the first electrode; an insulating part that has a first surface including a first position and a second surface including a second position, and is connected with the conducting part at the first position; a first fastening part configured to fasten the conducting part and the insulating part to each other; and a cooling part connected with the second position facing the first position, the conducting part and the cooling part being electrically insulated from each other by the insulating part.

A laser-heated cavity system includes: a first cavity provided with a first top end part and a first bottom end part that are arranged opposite each other; wherein the first top end part is provided with a first widow and the first bottom end part is provided with an opening; a second cavity disposed inside the first cavity, provided with a second top end part and a second bottom end part that are arranged opposite each other, and disposed with a second window and a sample bearer; a laser heating assembly disposed outside the first cavity; wherein at least one laser beam provided by the laser heating assembly is passed through the first and second windows, and then focused on the sample bearer; and a mobile platform assembly. The first cavity is a vacuum cavity, and the pressure in the second cavity ranges from vacuum to 30 atm.

A laser-heated cavity system includes: a first cavity provided with a first top end part and a first bottom end part that are arranged opposite each other; wherein the first top end part is provided with a first widow and the first bottom end part is provided with an opening; a second cavity disposed inside the first cavity, provided with a second top end part and a second bottom end part that are arranged opposite each other, and disposed with a second window and a sample bearer; a laser heating assembly disposed outside the first cavity; wherein at least one laser beam provided by the laser heating assembly is passed through the first and second windows, and then focused on the sample bearer; and a mobile platform assembly. The first cavity is a vacuum cavity, and the pressure in the second cavity ranges from vacuum to 30 atm.

A dielectric electrode assembly, and a method (600) of manufacture thereof, including: a dielectric tube (226) having a cylindrical cross-section and a relative dielectric constant, .sub.2, the dielectric tube (226) filled with a gas having a relative dielectric constant, .sub.1; a structural dielectric (225) having a relative dielectric constant, .sub.3 surrounding the dielectric tube (226); metal electrodes (224) on opposite sides of the structural dielectric (225), the metal electrodes (224) having a flat cross-sectional geometry; and the structural dielectric (225) made from a material selected such that the relative dielectric constants of the structural dielectric (225), the dielectric tube (226), and the gas are interrelated and an approximately uniform electric field is generated within the dielectric tube (226) when power is applied to the metal electrodes (224).

A CO.sub.2 laser that generates laser-radiation in just one emission band of a CO.sub.2 gas-mixture has resonator mirrors that form an unstable resonator and at least one spectrally-selective element located on the optical axis of the resonator. The spectrally-selective element may be in the form of one or more protruding or recessed surfaces. Spectral-selectivity is enhanced by forming a stable resonator along the optical axis that includes the spectrally-selective element. The CO.sub.2 laser is tunable between emission bands by translating the spectrally-selective element along the optical axis.

A laser marking system for marking a product comprising a laser source for providing a laser beam, a marking head for projecting the laser beam on to the product, a housing comprising an extraction device configured to generate a flow of extraction fluid for extracting matter generated by an interaction between the laser beam and the product, and a controller for controlling the laser source and the marking head. The laser marking system further comprises an umbilical assembly connecting the housing to the marking head.

A laser marking system for marking a product comprising a laser source for providing a laser beam, a marking head for projecting the laser beam on to the product, a housing comprising an extraction device configured to generate a flow of extraction fluid for extracting matter generated by an interaction between the laser beam and the product, and a controller for controlling the laser source and the marking head. The laser marking system further comprises an umbilical assembly connecting the housing to the marking head.

A radio frequency laser includes: a power box, a radio frequency cavity, an electrode, and a first metal blocking ring. A bottom plate of the power box is provided with a first installation hole and a first installation groove, and the first installation groove is arranged around the first installation hole. A top plate of the radio frequency cavity is provided with a second installation hole and a second installation groove, and the second installation groove is arranged around the second installation hole. When the power box is assembled with the radio frequency cavity, the second installation hole corresponds to the first installation hole, and the second installation groove corresponds to the first installation groove.

A CO.sub.2 laser that generates laser-radiation in just one emission band of a CO.sub.2 gas-mixture has resonator mirrors that form an unstable resonator and at least one spectrally-selective element located on the optical axis of the resonator. The spectrally-selective element may be in the form of one or more protruding or recessed surfaces. Spectral-selectivity is enhanced by forming a stable resonator along the optical axis that includes the spectrally-selective element. The CO.sub.2 laser is tunable between emission bands by translating the spectrally-selective element along the optical axis.