An open circuit voltage photodetector comprises a photovoltaic device including a photovoltaic junction, and a transistor. The photovoltaic device is connected to the gate terminal of the transistor to input an open circuit voltage of the photovoltaic device to the gate terminal. An array of such photodetectors and a readout integrated circuit forms an image sensor. In a photodetection method, an open circuit voltage is generated in a photovoltaic device in response to illumination by incident radiation, and the open circuit voltage is applied to a gate terminal of a transistor to modulate a channel current flowing in a channel of the transistor. A readout electronic circuit may be fabricated with an extra transistor, and a photovoltaic device disposed on the readout electronic circuit and electrically connected to apply an open circuit voltage of the photovoltaic device to a gate of the extra transistor.

An open circuit voltage photodetector comprises a photovoltaic device including a photovoltaic junction, and a transistor. The photovoltaic device is connected to the gate terminal of the transistor to input an open circuit voltage of the photovoltaic device to the gate terminal. An array of such photodetectors and a readout integrated circuit forms an image sensor. In a photodetection method, an open circuit voltage is generated in a photovoltaic device in response to illumination by incident radiation, and the open circuit voltage is applied to a gate terminal of a transistor to modulate a channel current flowing in a channel of the transistor. A readout electronic circuit may be fabricated with an extra transistor, and a photovoltaic device disposed on the readout electronic circuit and electrically connected to apply an open circuit voltage of the photovoltaic device to a gate of the extra transistor.

A photorelay of an embodiment includes a polyimide substrate having a first surface and a second surface on an opposite side of the polyimide substrate from the first surface, the polyimide substrate having a thickness equal to or more than 10 μm and equal to or less than 120 μm, an input terminal provided on the second surface, an output terminal provided on the second surface, a light receiving element provided on the first surface, a light emitting element provided on the light receiving element, and a MOSFET provided on the first surface.

A photorelay of an embodiment includes a polyimide substrate having a first surface and a second surface on an opposite side of the polyimide substrate from the first surface, the polyimide substrate having a thickness equal to or more than 10 μm and equal to or less than 120 μm, an input terminal provided on the second surface, an output terminal provided on the second surface, a light receiving element provided on the first surface, a light emitting element provided on the light receiving element, and a MOSFET provided on the first surface.

A solid-state relay having favorable electrical characteristics is provided. The solid-state relay includes a first circuit and a second circuit. The first circuit includes a first light-emitting element. The second circuit includes a first light-receiving element, a memory, and a first switch. The memory includes a second switch. The second switch includes a second semiconductor layer. The first switch and the first light-emitting element are formed using a first semiconductor layer. The first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer contain gallium, and the second semiconductor layer further contains oxygen. On or off of the first light-emitting element is controlled by a first signal supplied to the first circuit. First data, which is generated when the first light-receiving element converts light emitted by the first light-emitting element into voltage, is supplied to the memory. Conduction or non-conduction of the first switch is controlled by the first data stored in the memory.

A power supply control device includes: a drive switch circuit formed by cascade-connecting a depletion type first transistor and an enhancement type second transistor, and configured to drive a transformer of an insulated switching power supply; a control circuit configured to control the second transistor; and a start-up circuit configured to charge a power supply voltage of the control circuit by using a source voltage of the first transistor.

The present invention provides an electronic switch including: a connection unit including connection terminals to which at least two or more loads requiring supply of power are respectively connected; a power connection unit including power terminals configured to receive a power from an outside; a radio signal reception unit which includes at least two or more operation buttons for controlling supply of power to each load connected to the connection unit, and is wirelessly connected to a remote controller, which sends radio signals having different identifiers according to an operation of each of the operation buttons, to receive a radio signal; a switching circuit unit which is configured to receive a power from the power terminal of the power connection unit, includes switching circuits connected to each of the connection terminals, and is configured to supply the power to the loads connected to the connection terminals or cut off supply of power according to a turn-on or turn-off operation of the switching circuit based on a switching control signal; and a central control unit configured to, when receiving the radio signal, generate a switching control signal to be transmitted to each of the switching circuits using an identifier in the received radio signal.

The present invention provides an electronic switch including: a connection unit including connection terminals to which at least two or more loads requiring supply of power are respectively connected; a power connection unit including power terminals configured to receive a power from an outside; a radio signal reception unit which includes at least two or more operation buttons for controlling supply of power to each load connected to the connection unit, and is wirelessly connected to a remote controller, which sends radio signals having different identifiers according to an operation of each of the operation buttons, to receive a radio signal; a switching circuit unit which is configured to receive a power from the power terminal of the power connection unit, includes switching circuits connected to each of the connection terminals, and is configured to supply the power to the loads connected to the connection terminals or cut off supply of power according to a turn-on or turn-off operation of the switching circuit based on a switching control signal; and a central control unit configured to, when receiving the radio signal, generate a switching control signal to be transmitted to each of the switching circuits using an identifier in the received radio signal.

An embodiment of this disclosure provides an automated payment apparatus. The apparatus includes a photodiode current integrator configured to charge an integration capacitor. The photodiode current integrator includes a first feedback resistor connected along a negative feedback path of an operational amplifier between an output of the operational amplifier and a negative input of the operational amplifier. The photodiode current integrator also includes a second feedback resistor connected along a positive feedback path of the operational amplifier between the output of the operational amplifier and a positive input of the operational amplifier. The photodiode current integrator also includes an integration capacitor connected to the positive input of the operational amplifier and to common circuit ground. The photodiode current integrator also includes a reset switch connected to the positive input of the operational amplifier and to common circuit ground or to additional voltage source. The photodiode current integrator also includes a photodiode connected to the positive input and the negative input of the operational amplifier.

An embodiment of this disclosure provides an automated payment apparatus. The apparatus includes a photodiode current integrator configured to charge an integration capacitor. The photodiode current integrator includes a first feedback resistor connected along a negative feedback path of an operational amplifier between an output of the operational amplifier and a negative input of the operational amplifier. The photodiode current integrator also includes a second feedback resistor connected along a positive feedback path of the operational amplifier between the output of the operational amplifier and a positive input of the operational amplifier. The photodiode current integrator also includes an integration capacitor connected to the positive input of the operational amplifier and to common circuit ground. The photodiode current integrator also includes a reset switch connected to the positive input of the operational amplifier and to common circuit ground or to additional voltage source. The photodiode current integrator also includes a photodiode connected to the positive input and the negative input of the operational amplifier.