Edge-sensitive, state-based single flux quantum (SFQ) based circuitry and related methods convert return-to-zero (RZ) or non-return-to-zero (NRZ) encoded SFQ-pulse-based signals to bilevel NRZ phase signals that can subsequently be converted to bilevel voltage signals by an output amplifier (OA). The SFQ-based circuitry can be integrated with a current amplification stage of a driver that can be coupled to a stage of the OA. The SFQ-based circuitry can be made to be compatible with RQL-encoded input signals that can be either RZ or NRZ. The SFQ-based circuitry can thus be compatible with both wave-pipelined (WPL) and phase-mode (PML) RQL circuitry. Because the SFQ-based circuitry and related methods are edge-sensitive and state-based, they can function at system clock rates in excess of 1 GHz with reduced glitches and improved bit error rates as compared to other superconducting RZ-NRZ conversion circuitry and methods.

Edge-sensitive, state-based single flux quantum (SFQ) based circuitry and related methods convert return-to-zero (RZ) or non-return-to-zero (NRZ) encoded SFQ-pulse-based signals to bilevel NRZ phase signals that can subsequently be converted to bilevel voltage signals by an output amplifier (OA). The SFQ-based circuitry can be integrated with a current amplification stage of a driver that can be coupled to a stage of the OA. The SFQ-based circuitry can be made to be compatible with RQL-encoded input signals that can be either RZ or NRZ. The SFQ-based circuitry can thus be compatible with both wave-pipelined (WPL) and phase-mode (PML) RQL circuitry. Because the SFQ-based circuitry and related methods are edge-sensitive and state-based, they can function at system clock rates in excess of 1 GHz with reduced glitches and improved bit error rates as compared to other superconducting RZ-NRZ conversion circuitry and methods.

Implementations described herein include surgical helmet assemblies that have a helmet enclosure shaped to encircle a head of a user. The helmet enclosure retains a fan and includes a brow bar portion at a front of the helmet enclosure that is shaped to extend along a brow or a forehead of the user and having a light positioned therein. The helmet enclosure also includes a stabilizer extending downward from the helmet enclosure in front of the ears of a user, a face shield that is transparent and coupleable to at least the brow bar portion, a headband shaped to extend across an occiput region of the user's head, and a surgical garment for covering at least the head and shoulders of a user in use. The brow bar portion includes vents disposed therein to direct airflow pushed through the helmet enclosure from the fan onto the user. The face shield is coupleable to the helmet enclosure by one or more of a hook and loop fastener on the helmet enclosure or the stabilizer and a post protruding from the brow bar portion.

A method for serializing communications in the computing field includes serializing input data into a serialized stream of symbols, based on one or more encodings, at a serializer, each symbol including a disparity code selected based on a running disparity (RD) of the serialized stream of symbols. The running disparity (RD) is tracked by setting the RD to an initial value, and then adding a disparity of each symbol to the RD to ensure the RD does not exceed a desired maximum, e.g., three. A positive disparity encoding or a negative disparity encoding of each symbol is selected for transmission based on the RD. The serialized data stream of symbols is transmitted along a data conduit, to a deserializer, in which the serialized data stream of symbols is deserialized to determine a corresponding bit value, for outputting decoded information in parallel form.

A transmitter includes an encoder configured to divide a first number of binary input bits of an input data signal into a first bit group and a second bit group, generate a first intermediate bit group and a second intermediate bit group by manipulating the first bit group and the second bit group differently based on a value of the first bit group, and generate a first symbol group and a second symbol group by encoding the first intermediate bit group and the second intermediate bit group, each of the first symbol group and the second symbol group including a plurality of symbols, and each of the plurality of symbols having three different voltage levels. The transmitter includes a driver configured to generate an output data signal by concatenating the first symbol group and the second symbol group.

Methods are described allowing a vector signaling code to encode multi-level data without the significant alphabet size increase known to cause symbol dynamic range compression and thus increased noise susceptibility. By intentionally restricting the number of codewords used, good pin efficiency may be maintained along with improved system signal-to-noise ratio.

A data transmission method for transmitting a data signal using four data signal levels during a unit interval and transmitting a data bus inversion (DBI) signal using two DBI signal levels during the unit interval, the method including: receiving n (n is a natural number) data, each of the n data including a first bit and a second bit; counting the number of data in which the first bit and the second bit have the same value among the n data; in response to the counting result being less than or equal to a predetermined number, transmitting the n data using the four data signal levels, together with a DBI signal having a first DBI signal level; and in response to the counting result being greater than the predetermined number, transmitting data, which is obtained by changing a value of either of the first bit and the second bit of the n data, using the four data signal levels, together with a DBI signal having a second DBI signal level different from the first DBI signal level.

Methods and systems are described for receiving a plurality of signals corresponding to symbols of a codeword on a plurality of wires of a multi-wire bus, and responsively generating a plurality of sub-channel outputs using a plurality of multi-input comparators (MICs) connected to the plurality of wires of the multi-wire bus, generating a plurality of wire-specific skew control signals, each wire-specific skew control signal of the plurality of wire-specific skew control signals generated by combining (i) one or more sub-channel specific skew measurement signals associated with corresponding sub-channel outputs undergoing a transition and (ii) a corresponding wire-specific transition delta, and providing the plurality of wire-specific skew control signals to respective wire-skew control elements to adjust wire-specific skew.

Encoding and decoding apparatuses and methods for implementing multi-mode coding are provided. The apparatus includes a transmitter and a receiver connected to a data bus. When data bursts are converted by the transmitter into codewords each including a plurality of symbols and/or a codeword received by the receiver is recovered as data bursts, maximum transition avoidance (MTA) codeword mappings in which no maximum transition (MT) event occurs between the plurality of symbols and minimum DC current (MDC) codeword mappings related to minimum power consumption of the plurality of symbols are used.

Provided is a device and method for encoding and decoding to implement maximum transition avoidance coding with minimum overhead. An exemplary device performs encoding and/or decoding, by using sub-block lookup tables representing correlations between some bit values in a data burst and symbols, a combining lookup table selectively interconnecting the sub-block lookup tables based on remaining bit values of the data burst, and a codeword decoding lookup table designating the sub-block lookup tables corresponding to the symbols of each of received codewords.