An apparatus is described. The apparatus includes a memory chip. The memory chip has an error correction code (ECC) encoder logic circuit and an ECC decoder logic circuit. The ECC decoder logic circuit is to place an additional one or more errors that result from incorrect error correction applied to a read code word into a same block of multiple blocks of the read code word's raw data bit portion where original errors in the read code word existed before the read code word was decoded by the ECC decoder logic circuit.

A decoding method of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes based on partial average residual belief propagation includes the following steps: S1: calculating a size of a cluster π in a protograph based on a code length m and a code rate of a target codeword; S2: pre-computing an edge residual r.sub.c.sub.i.sub..fwdarw.v.sub.j corresponding to each edge from a variable node to a check node in a check matrix H; S3: calculating, based on π, a partial average residual (PAR) value corresponding to each cluster in the check matrix H; S4: sorting m/π clusters in descending order of corresponding PAR values, and updating an edge with a largest edge residual in each cluster; S5: updating edge information m.sub.c.sub.i.sub..fwdarw.v.sub.i from a check node c.sub.i to a variable node v.sub.j, and then updating a log-likelihood ratio (LLR) value L(v.sub.j) of the variable node v.sub.j; and S6: after the updating, making a decoding decision.

A transmitter is provided. The transmitter includes: a Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder configured to encode input bits to generate parity bits; a parity permutator configured to perform parity permutation by interleaving the parity bits and group-wise interleaving a plurality of bit groups including the interleaved parity bits; and a puncturer configured to puncture some of the parity bits in the group-wise interleaved bit groups, wherein the parity permutator group-wise interleaves the bit groups such that some of the bit groups are positioned at predetermined positions, respectively, and a remainder of the bit groups are positioned without an order within the group-wise interleaved bit groups.

The present invention provides an apparatus of transmitting broadcast signals, the apparatus including, an encoder for encoding service data, a frame builder for building at least one signal frame by mapping the encoded service data, a modulator for modulating data in the built at least one signal frame by an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM, scheme and a transmitter for transmitting the broadcast signals having the modulated data.

A transmitter is provided. The transmitter includes: an outer encoder configured to encode input bits to generate outer-encoded bits including the input bits and parity bits; a zero padder configured to generate a plurality of bit groups each of which is formed of a same number of bits, maps the outer-encoded bits to some of the bits in the bit groups, and pads zero bits to remaining bits in the bit groups, based on a predetermined shortening pattern, thereby to constitute Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) information bits; and an LDPC encoder configured to encode the LDPC information bits, wherein the remaining bits in which zero bits are padded include some of the bit groups which are not sequentially disposed in the LDPC information bits.

Disclosed is a method performed by a user equipment (UE) in a communication system, including receiving, from a base station, downlink control information including resource assignment information of a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), identifying a number of resource elements (REs) for the PDSCH based on the resource assignment information of the PDSCH, identifying a temporary transport block size (TBS) based on the number of REs for the PDSCH, identifying a TBS based on the temporary TBS, and receiving, from the base station, the PDSCH based on the TBS, wherein the number of REs for the PDSCH is identified by excluding a number of REs associated with a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) and a control channel.

A pre-5th-generation (pre-5G) or 5G communication system for supporting higher data rates beyond a 4th-generation (4G) communication system, such as long term evolution (LTE) is provided. A channel encoding method in a communication or broadcasting system includes identifying an input bit size, determining a block size (Z), determining a low density parity check (LDPC) sequence to perform LDPC encoding, and performing the LDPC encoding based on the LDPC sequence and the block size.

In general, according to an embodiment, a memory system includes a memory device including a memory cell; and a controller. The controller is configured to: receive first data from the memory cell in a first data reading; receive second data from the memory cell in a second data reading that is different from the first data reading; convert a first value that is based on the first data and the second data, to a second value in accordance with a first relationship; and convert the first value to a third value in accordance with a second relationship that is different from the first relationship.

The method includes: reading a memory cell having a encoded information bit, so as to obtain an LLR value of a current memory cell with reference to a pre-established LLR table according to a storage time, a threshold voltage partition and a comprehensive distribution corresponding to the current memory cell during reading; and performing a soft decoding operation on a codeword in the memory cell having the encoded information bit according to the read LLR value of the current memory cell, wherein the comprehensive distribution of the current memory cell is determined according to an influence of a memory cell adjacent to the current memory cell on a distribution of the current memory cell; an input of the pre-established LLR table comprises a storage time, a threshold voltage partition and a comprehensive distribution, and an output of the pre-established LLR table comprises an LLR value.

This application provides a communication method and apparatus. The method includes: encoding a to-be-transmitted first bit sequence to obtain a first matrix, where the first matrix includes a plurality of bit square matrices of a same size, and each bit square matrix includes a plurality of pieces of bit data; performing, based on a first mapping relationship, position transformation in a range of each bit square matrix on the bit data of each bit square matrix in the first matrix, to obtain a second matrix after the position transformation; and performing bit data position transformation among bit square matrices on the second matrix to obtain a third matrix, and modulating a to-be-sent first symbol sequence based on the third matrix.