According to one embodiment, a memory system is provided with a memory cell array, a first command issuing circuit and a controller. The memory cell array includes a plurality of data areas and a plurality of first parity areas. The data areas are arranged in a plurality of banks or in a plurality of chips, and individually store a plurality of data portions constituting access-unit data. The first parity areas are adjacent to the data areas and individually store a plurality of first parity portions constituting the first parity corresponding to the data. The first command issuing circuit issues a first command for the data areas and the first parity areas. The controller accesses the data areas and the first parity areas in response to the first command.

Apparatuses and methods for performing an error correction code (ECC) operation are provided. One example method can include encoding data by including parity data for a number of cross-over bits, wherein the number of cross-over bits are bits located at intersections of column codewords and row codewords.

A system, method and program product that utilizes a hybrid fault tolerance system for managing data. A system is disclosed that includes: a system for partitioning memory into a set of partitions that includes a designated partition for storing immutable objects; a write system for storing an immutable object in the designated partition, wherein the immutable object is coded with a hardware-based fault tolerance system to generate a set of hardware-based codewords, and wherein the immutable object is further coded with a software-based fault tolerance system to generate a set of software-based codewords; a read system for retrieving the immutable object, wherein the read system decodes each hardware-based codeword for the immutable object, and in response to a failed decoding of a hardware-based codeword, the read system decodes the software-based codeword containing a failed hardware-based codeword.

There is described a multi-mode unrolled decoder. The decoder comprises a master code input configured to receive a polar encoded master code of length N carrying k information bits and N−k frozen bits, decoding resources comprising processing elements and memory elements connected in an unrolled architecture and defining an operation path between the master code input and an output, for decoding a polar encoded code word, at least one constituent code input configured to receive a polar encoded constituent code of length N/p carrying j information bits and N/p−j frozen bits, where p is a power of 2, and at least one input multiplexer provided in the operation path to selectively transmit N/p bits of one of the master code and the constituent code to a subset of the decoding resources.

A memory device includes a memory array, a processor coupled to the memory array, and a decoding apparatus. The decoding apparatus is configured to perform coarse decoding and fine decoding. In coarse decoding, the decoder decodes in parallel two or more codewords, which share a common block of bits, to determine error information. Next, the decoder corrects errors in a first codeword based on the error information. Then, it is determined if the shared common block of data bits is corrected. If the shared common data block is updated, then error correction based on the error information is prohibited in codewords sharing the common block of data bits with the first codeword. In fine decoding, a single codeword is decoded at a time for error correction.

Multi-dimensional parity checker (MDPC) systems and related methods are disclosed to check parity of data regions within external memories. In one embodiment, the MDPC system includes a control register and a parity checker. The parity checker receives data segments accessed from the data region. The parity checker generates and accumulates multi-dimensional parity bits for the data segments and subsequently compares accumulated bits to expected multi-dimensional parity bits to generate multi-dimensional error syndrome bits representing identified comparison errors. The parity checker also determines a syndrome state based upon the multi-dimensional syndrome bits and stores the syndrome state within the control register. The parity checker operates in different modes based upon different values stored in an operational mode field of the control register. The parity checker can operate in a real-time error correction mode to correct errors within the data region from subsequent random accesses by components within the integrated circuit.

A memory device can include a memory array, a processor coupled to the memory array, and a decoding apparatus. The decoding apparatus is configured to perform parallel decoding of codewords. Each of the codewords has a plurality of data blocks, and each data block having a number of data bits. The decoding apparatus is configured to decode, in parallel, a first codeword with one or more other codewords to determine error information associated with each codeword. For errors in a common data block shared between two codewords being decoded in parallel, the error information includes a data block identifier and associated error bit patterns. Further, the decoding apparatus is configured to update the codewords based on the error information.

A hard-decision (HD) forward error correcting (FEC) coded signal is decoded by a decoder to produce decoded bits using marked reliable bits of the HD-FEC coded signal and marked unreliable bits of the HD-FEC coded signal. The marked reliable and unreliable bits are computed by calculation and marking blocks based on an absolute value of log-likelihood ratios of the HD-FEC coded signal. The HD-FEC coded signal may be, for example, a staircase code coded signal or a product code coded signal.

Methods and apparatuses for implementing error-correction in communication systems, particularly wireless communication systems. Input bits are encoded according to a chained generator matrix to generate a codeword, and the codeword is transmitted. The chained generator matrix includes a first subset of entries corresponding to a first subset of entries in a base generator matrix for a chained polar code, and a second subset of entries that are different from a second subset of entries in the base generator matrix. A chained generator matrix could be constructed, for example, by applying a chaining matrix to the second subset of entries in the base generator matrix, to produce the second subset of entries in the chained generator matrix.

Methods, apparatus, systems, architectures and interfaces for encoding/decoding a QD-DTS-PrCC are provided. The decoding method includes determining a number k.sub.TS of input bits included in a transmission of a data stream and a first bit of the input bits included in the transmission in the data stream; determining a number of Encoded Bit Blocks (EBBs), each of the EBBs including any number of data blocks that are previously transmitted Transmit Segments (TS) of the data stream, each of the data blocks having a bit length of k.sub.TS bits; selecting that number of EBBs for encoding a QD-DTS-PrCC component codeword (QDCC) of the transmission according to a DTS indexing method for indexing a plurality of EBBs; generating the QDCC including a TS, Virtual Segments (VSs), and r.sub.c parity bits, a dimensionality of the QD-DTS-PrCC being at least 2; and extracting the calculated TS of the QDCC to an output EBB.