Disclosed is a beam steering apparatus that reflects a beam for steering, the beam steering apparatus including a front end unit configured to receive a control signal; and a meta-surface with controllable unit cells arranged in an array, the unit cells including metal plates spaced apart from each other, a variable capacitance element connected between the metal plates, and a line to which a meta-surface control signal is provided; and a computation and control unit configured to generate a meta-surface control signal for controlling the meta-surface according to the control signal wherein the beam reflected from the meta-surface is steered according to the control signal.

Multipath angle estimation and reporting for positioning is described. An apparatus is configured to receive a set of multipath signals for a set of VAs. Each VA in the set of VAs is associated with a corresponding reflecting surface in a UE communication environment. Reflection of the set of multipath signals occurs via the corresponding reflecting surface. The apparatus is configured to estimate at least one AoA associated with the set of multipath signals based on at least one of a set of ToF values associated with the set of multipath signals, a UE location, or a VA location. The apparatus is configured to provide, to a network entity, an indication of multipath information associated with the set of multipath signals for the set of VAs. The multipath information includes the at least one AoA associated with at least one multipath signal in the set of multipath signals.

Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. A network entity may transmit a set of resources allocated to a user equipment (UE) to the UE via a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS). The network entity may transmit an indication of a weighting matrix for controlling reflective elements of the RIS during transmission occasions. The RIS controller may apply different portions of the weighting matrix to the reflective elements for the transmission occasions. The network entity may transmit one or more transmission configuration indicator (TCI) states to the UE for each portion of the weighting matrix. The network entity and UE may communicate based on cyclically applying the different TCI states.

A WTRU may detect a reflected SSB transmission from a RIS. The reflected SSB is associated with an index. The WTRU may determine a source device of the reflected SSB transmission based on the index. For example, the WTRU may determine that the reflected SSB transmission was reflected by the RIS based on the index associated with the RIS. The WTRU may perform a random access procedure with a network device via the RIS based on the index. The SSB transmission may be associated with an SSB burst transmission comprising a plurality of SSB transmissions, where each of the plurality of SSB transmissions may be associated with the index. The plurality of SSB transmissions may comprise SSB transmissions reflected by the RIS and/or SSB transmissions not reflected by the RIS. The spatial state of the RIS may be maintained constant and/or may change during the SSB burst transmission.

Provided are a channel separation method and a system. The method includes: When a plurality of reference signals are reflected through an intelligent reflecting surface or repeater, the intelligent reflecting surface or repeater switches a codebook of each reference signal to a corresponding intelligent reflecting surface codebook, wherein each reference signal corresponds to a different intelligent reflecting surface or repeater codebook. By the embodiments of the present disclosure, when each reference signal passes by, an intelligent reflecting surface or repeater switches a codebook of each reference signal to a corresponding intelligent reflecting surface codebook, thus achieving that a base station of a receiving end can obtain channel-dimension received data information of the intelligent reflecting surface or repeater according to the intelligent reflecting surface codebook.

An acquisition unit in a control apparatus acquires information about interference received, from a signal transmitted from a non-terrestrial network apparatus, by a signal directly transmitted from a non-terrestrial network apparatus to a terminal apparatus. A path control unit selects a usage communication path from a direct path and an indirect path, based on the information about the interference. The direct path is a path in which a signal is directly transmitted from the non-terrestrial network apparatus to the terminal apparatus. The indirect path is a path in which a signal transmitted from the non-terrestrial network apparatus indirectly reaches the terminal apparatus via an RIS of a terrestrial relay apparatus.

Provided are an intelligent metasurface manipulation method, apparatus, and system, an intelligent metasurface, and a storage medium. The intelligent metasurface manipulation method includes determining channel information and beam manipulation information; determining a manipulation parameter to be optimized in a preset target function according to the channel information and the beam manipulation information; determining a target manipulation state of each electromagnetic unit on an intelligent metasurface according to the manipulation parameter to be optimized; and adjusting a current state of each electromagnetic unit to the target manipulation state.

The present application provides an information transmission method, a reflecting device, a base station, a system, an electronic device, and a medium. The information transmission method includes: acquiring communication information sent from a base station, where the communication information is carried by means of a communication signal; and reflecting, according to a reflection weight of a reflecting device, the communication signal to an airborne terminal by means of a beam corresponding to the reflection weight.

Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for user equipment (UE) positioning using one or more intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs). A method that may be performed by a UE includes for each IRS of the one or more IRSs: identifying a first IRS reflection center, measuring a first impulse response from the IRS to obtain a first measured impulse response representation, determining a first impulse response for a first ray reflected from the first IRS reflection center of the IRS, estimating a first position of the UE based on, at least, the first IRS reflection centers for each of the one or more IRSs and the first impulse responses for each of the one or more IRSs, and estimating a second position of the UE in an iterative manner until one or more conditions are satisfied.

The present invention relates to a method for optimizing a reconfigurable intelligent surface, comprising the following successive steps: for a current configuration of said reconfigurable intelligent surface, the acquisition (62) of at least one measurement of the multi-path propagation channel associated with the communication and/or location system comprising at least said reconfigurable intelligent surface, at least one transmitter and at least one receiver; on the basis of said acquisition, estimation of said multi-path channel; within said multi-path channel estimation, isolation of the component of said reconfigurable intelligent surface; computation of a cost function using said isolated component; said successive steps being reiterated after modification, at each iteration, of said current configuration, until a predetermined stopping criterion is reached, the optimal configuration being associated with the iteration the cost value of which is maximum.