The subject matter described herein relates to various antenna element configurations, antenna array configurations, their operations including various systems and methods to generate modulated data for transmission by an RF antenna array via an optical processing engine. The subject matter includes optical processing engine structure and methods (e.g., modulating in the optical domain, MIMO and spatial modulation via RF beam formation, coherent transmission of RF signal components, coherent operation of spatially separate RF antenna arrays) that may be implemented with the various RF antenna array structures. In some examples, the system combines the virtues of digital, analog and optical processing to arrive at a solution for scalable, non-blocking, simultaneous transmission to multiple UE-s. Much of the system architecture is independent of the RF carrier frequency, and different frequency bands can be accessed easily and rapidly by tuning the optical source (TOPS). In some examples, multiple communication channels may be transmitted simultaneously to different locations. The transmitter may be formed by an array of optically fed antennas.

A media converter has an electrical bus port for connecting a first electrical bus; and an optical bus port for connecting an optical bus. The media converter is configured to convert an electrical signal of the first electrical bus into an optical signal of the optical bus in such a way that, at a first value of an internal control signal of the media converter, the optical signal corresponds to the electrical signal and, at a second value of the internal control signal, the optical signal has an inverted shape corresponding to the electrical signal. In a transmission phase during which the internal control signal changes from the first value to the second value, the media converter is configured to emit the optical signal in such a way that the optical signal corresponds to the electrical signal until the end of the transmission phase.

In response to a measured value of temperature of a stator by a thermometer exceeding a first temperature threshold, an overheat signal may be output to a rotor of a rotary connector via a communication device. In response to the measured value of the temperature exceeding a second temperature threshold higher than the first temperature threshold, power supply to a transmission coil that transmits power to a receiving coil of the rotor in a non-contact manner is stopped. In response to the overheat signal being received or a measured value of temperature of the rotor by a thermometer exceeding a third temperature threshold, a limit signal for limiting current flowing through a load circuit is output. In response to the measured value of the temperature by the thermometer exceeding a fourth temperature threshold higher than the third temperature threshold, output of power received from the stator is stopped.

A high-bandwidth underwater electrical connector is provided that includes first and second connectors each having free space optical transceivers. The electrical connector further includes self-passivating transition metal contacts that form a non-conductive outer layer when immersed in a fluid. The first and second free space optical transceivers transmit and receive data at high data speeds.

To optimize the efficiency and reliability of downhole data transmissions, an optical splash communication system may be utilized. A downhole tool may include an optical splash communication system that comprises multiple electrical elements where the electrical elements communicate with each other by transmitting and receiving via free space an optical splash signal through an inner space of the downhole tool. The electrical elements may comprise or be coupled to a light source and a detector. Multiple optical splash communication systems may be deployed in multiple downhole tools such that each downhole tool may communicate with another downhole tool via an opening, for example, a transparent sealed window, between the downhole tools. The opening is sufficient to permit transmissions to occur even when the downhole tools are rotated independently of each other.

An LED may include a third contact, for example to increase speed of operation of the LED. The LED with the third contact may be used in an optical communication system, for example a chip-to-chip optical interconnect.

An LED may have structures optimized for speed of operation of the LED. The LED may be a microLED. The LED may have a p− doped region with one or more quantum wells instead of an intrinsic region. The LED may have etched vias therethrough.

An exemplary medical system includes a first electrical circuit (204-1) on a PCB (206), a second electrical circuit (204-2) on the PCB and electrically isolated from the first electrical circuit, and a free space optics interface assembly (302) on the PCB. The free space optics assembly includes a housing (402) defining a free space chamber (404) in the housing, an optical transmitter (416) having an input (426) that is electrically coupled to the first electrical circuit, and an optical receiver (418) in optical communication with the optical transmitter via the free space chamber and having an output (432) that is electrically coupled to the second electrical circuit. The optical transmitter and the optical receiver are hermetically sealed within the housing.

The present disclosure relates to a galvanic isolation device or a bidirectional connecting line of a LIN bus system with two optocouplers arranged in antiparallel, each having a light-emitting element and a light-receiving element, wherein the galvanic isolation device is connectable to a LIN bus via a first signal connection and to a microprocessor via a second signal connection, wherein each signal connection is connected to the respective light-emitting element of an optocoupler, and wherein a diode is connected in antiparallel to the light-emitting element, such that, when a low signal level is applied to one of the signal connections, the signal level at the other signal connection is also low, without the signal being fed back.

Embodiments are directed to a rotor system for an aircraft comprising a gearbox configured to receive torque from a drive train, a mast having a first end and a second end, wherein the first end is attached to the gearbox and the mast configured to rotate in response to the torque from the drive train, a rotor hub attached to the second end of the mast, a first light transceiver mounted adjacent to the first end of the mast, wherein the first light transceiver is does not rotate relative to the mast, and a second light transceiver mounted adjacent to the second end of the mast, wherein the second light transceiver rotates with the mast.