A transmission apparatus includes M signal processors that respectively generate modulated signals directed to M reception apparatuses, M being an integer equal to or greater than 2, and an antenna section. Each signal processor modulates a first bit sequence made up of two bits to generate a first modulated signal and a second modulated signal, and modulates a second bit sequence made up of other two bits to generate a third modulated signal and a fourth modulated signal, in a case of transmitting multiple streams to a corresponding one of the M reception apparatuses. The antenna section includes a first antenna that transmits the first modulated signal and the third modulated signal and a second antenna that transmits the second modulated signal and the fourth modulated signal. At least either the signals transmitted from the first antenna or the signals transmitted from the second antenna are phase-changed signals.

A method for converting source data to a channel-modulated signal having a plurality of pairs of in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) data in a mobile station, wherein the mobile station uses at least one channel, includes the steps of: a) encoding the source data to generate at least one data part and a control part; b) generating at least one spreading code to be allocated to the channel, wherein each spreading code is selected on the basis of a data rate of the data part and the control part and spreading codes are selected so that two consecutive pairs of the I and Q data are correspondent to two points located on same point or symmetrical with respect to a zero point on a phase domain; and c) spreading the control part and the data part by using the spreading code, to thereby generate the channel-modulated signal.

Techniques directed to attributing information regarding communications with a modulation scheme to a different modulation scheme are described. In one example, a successful communication for a higher data rate modulation scheme may be attributed to a lower data rate modulation scheme. Such attribution may infer that the lower data rate modulation scheme would have also been successful if it had been used. In another example, an unsuccessful communication for a lower data rate modulation may be attributed to a higher data rate modulation scheme. Here, such attribution may infer that the higher data rate modulation scheme would have also been unsuccessful if it had been used.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a wireless communications method, user equipment, a base station and a system, and relate to the field of wireless communications. The method includes: acquiring a frequency domain spreading factor, a symbol-level spreading factor and a transmission time interval-level spreading factor; and performing frequency domain spreading, symbol-level spreading and transmission time interval-level spreading on first to-be-sent information respectively according to the acquired spreading factors and sending first spread information; or, despreading, according to the acquired spreading factors, second spread information sent by a base station.

A transmission apparatus includes M signal processors that respectively generate modulated signals directed to M reception apparatuses, M being an integer equal to or greater than 2, and an antenna section. Each signal processor modulates a first bit sequence made up of two bits to generate a first modulated signal and a second modulated signal, and modulates a second bit sequence made up of other two bits to generate a third modulated signal and a fourth modulated signal, in a case of transmitting multiple streams to a corresponding one of the M reception apparatuses. The antenna section includes a first antenna that transmits the first modulated signal and the third modulated signal and a second antenna that transmits the second modulated signal and the fourth modulated signal. At least either the signals transmitted from the first antenna or the signals transmitted from the second antenna are phase-changed signals.

Techniques directed to attributing information regarding communications with a modulation scheme to a different modulation scheme are described. In one example, a successful communication for a higher data rate modulation scheme may be attributed to a lower data rate modulation scheme. Such attribution may infer that the lower data rate modulation scheme would have also been successful if it had been used. In another example, an unsuccessful communication for a lower data rate modulation may be attributed to a higher data rate modulation scheme. Here, such attribution may infer that the higher data rate modulation scheme would have also been unsuccessful if it had been used.

The present disclosure relates to transmitter and receiving devices for wireless communication, where the transmitter device comprises a transceiver configured to receive at least one stream of information bits; and further comprises a processor configured to encode said at least one stream of information bits using at least one error correction code to obtain at least one mother code word having a mother code rate R.sub.M; obtain a shortened code word or extended code word based on the determination of whether the mother code rate R.sub.M is smaller than a transmission code rate R.sub.Tx; modulate said shortened or extended code word to obtain modulated symbols; wherein said transceiver is further configured to transmit a signal comprising said modulated symbols over a radio channel of the wireless communication system. Furthermore, the present disclosure also relates to corresponding methods, a computer program, and a computer program product.

Combinations of correlation results are used to achieve detection of multiple coded signals at a receiver in a wireless communications system. The code applied to signals includes a lower rate code and a higher rate code. The lower rate code is a nested or tiered code such that it comprises at least two code sequences of the higher rate code. The received coded signal is correlated with the higher rate code using a single higher rate correlator to provide a higher rate code correlation result. The higher rate code correlation results are fed to two or more lower rate code correlators that combine multiple higher rate code-correlation results, each using a different lower rate code, to provide corresponding lower rate code correlation results. The presence of at least one coded signal or mutually exclusive coded signals can be determined from the lower rate code correlation results.

A method and apparatus for performing path protection for rate-adaptive optics is provided. As part of the method, an aggregate input bit stream is received. The aggregate input bit stream is then transmitted using a rate-adaptive optical transceiver when transmitting on a first optical path. When the first optical path has a fault, the aggregate input bit stream is then transmitted on a second optical path using the rate-adaptive optical transceiver and a fixed-rate optical transceiver.

If wavelength defragmentation is performed during the operation of an optical network, an instantaneous interruption of a network arises; consequently, data are lost; therefore, an optical network control method according to an exemplary aspect of the present invention includes monitoring a data volume of a client signal to be transmitted using a plurality of optical subcarriers; and performing synchronously, depending on a variation in the data volume, an optical subcarrier changing process of changing an active optical subcarrier, of the plurality of optical subcarriers, to be used for transmitting the client signal, and a remapping process of remapping the client signal onto an active optical subcarrier after having been changed.