Methods and apparatuses are described in which an unlicensed spectrum is used for Long Term Evolution (LTE) communications. A first method includes performing clear channel assessment (CCA) to determine availability of an unlicensed spectrum, transmitting a request-to-send (RTS) signal to a set of user equipments (UEs) using the unlicensed spectrum when a determination is made that the unlicensed spectrum is available, and receiving, in the unlicensed spectrum, a common clear-to-send (CTS) signal and an individual CTS signal from one or more of the UEs in response to the RTS signal. A second method includes transmitting an RTS signal in an unlicensed spectrum or a V-RTS signal in a licensed spectrum, addressed to a set of UEs, and transmitting a CTS-to-self signal in the unlicensed spectrum along with the transmission of the V-RTS signal.

Methods and apparatuses are described in which an unlicensed spectrum is used for Long Term Evolution (LTE) communications. One method includes performing a clear channel assessment (CCA) for an unlicensed spectrum in a current gating interval to determine whether the unlicensed spectrum is available for a transmission in a next transmission interval, and gating OFF the transmission in the unlicensed spectrum for the next transmission interval when the determination is that the unlicensed spectrum is unavailable.

A system comprising: an indoor localisation system to localise a tracked entity in an indoor environment and to output an indoor location data stream comprising indoor location data representing locations assumed by the tracked entity in the indoor environment; an analytics computing system designed to receive and process the indoor location data stream from the indoor localisation system to compute entity-related analytics; wherein the analytics computing system is designed to: identify in the indoor location data stream one or more sessions, each representing a corresponding period during which a tracked entity carries out an associated activity in the indoor environment, based on an indoor environment model specifying one or more session open/close rules, and compute, for one or more identified sessions, associated track data representing a track traveled by the tracked entity in the indoor environment during an identified session, based on the indoor location data stream (208).

A communication device includes a processing circuit, the processing circuit being configured as: mapping a first information bit part used for a receiving end to a corresponding channel based on a pre-set mapping rule so as to execute spatial modulation with respect to the first information bit part of the receiving end; allocating a transmission power to the receiving end; and controlling the transmission power allocated through a mapped channel to transmit a second information bit part used for the receiving end. In the case of the first information bit parts used for multiple receiving ends being the same, the channels mapped for multiple receiving ends are the same. The multi-user spatial modulation performs spatial modulation for multiple receiving ends at the same time through a multiplexing channel of the transmitting end, improving the additional modulation order and the data transmission rate which can be obtained by each receiving end.

A wireless device, a first network node and methods therein, for supporting or performing distribution of paging messages within a Radio Access Network Area, RANA, of a wireless network. The wireless device collects RANA related information from network nodes visited by the wireless device. The RANA related information indicates which RANAs are supported by the respective network nodes. A list of network nodes that support a RANA is extracted from the collected RANA related information, and the list is sent to the first network node to enable distribution of paging messages by the first network node within the RANA.

Methods and apparatuses are described in which an unlicensed spectrum is used for Long Term Evolution (LTE) communications. One method includes performing a clear channel assessment (CCA) for an unlicensed spectrum in a current gating interval to determine whether the unlicensed spectrum is available for a transmission in a next transmission interval, and gating OFF the transmission in the unlicensed spectrum for the next transmission interval when the determination is that the unlicensed spectrum is unavailable.

A method performed by a STA may comprise transmitting an HE LTF of a data unit. The HE LTF may have a number of symbols based on a number of space-time streams utilized for the data unit. The HE LTF may be transmitted on a subset of subcarriers of a 20 MHz channel, a 40 MHZ channel or an 80 MHz channel.

A method of spatially multiplexing data comprising a signal vector, the method comprising selecting first and second modulation schemes for the data transmission wherein the second modulation scheme is an interpolation in the plane of the first modulation scheme; and further wherein the modulation schemes are selected so as to maintain the same minimum Euclidean distance between vectors comprising the first and second modulation schemes as the minimum Euclidean distance within the first and second modulation schemes; and selecting a plurality of antennae, each of the plurality to concurrently transmit respective symbols of the signal vector.

Methods and apparatuses are described in which an unlicensed spectrum is used for Long Term Evolution (LTE) communications. A first method includes synchronizing clear channel assessment (CCA) slots across a plurality of base stations to determine availability of an unlicensed spectrum for transmissions in a next transmission interval. A second method includes performing a CCA during one of a plurality of CCA slots synchronized across a plurality of evolved Node Bs (eNBs) to determine availability of unlicensed spectrum for transmissions in a next transmission interval.

A decoding method, a device, and a readable storage medium. The method includes: determining, by a decoder, an encoding coefficient vector based on a received signal and an NSTBC codebook; and decoding, by the decoder, original encoded input symbols in a current symbol period based on the encoding coefficient vector, a differential space time block code DSTBC encoding mode, and the NSTBC codebook.