As 5G, and especially 6G, push into ever-higher frequencies, phase noise presents an increasing problem. Disclosed are procedures and modulation schemes to mitigate phase noise and permit messaging at higher frequencies. Each modulation scheme provides phase-noise immunity by configuring modulation states with large phase acceptance regions. A message element is faulted if its sum-signal amplitude or phase is in an exclusion zone. Modulation schemes with fewer phase levels, more amplitude levels, and very broad phase acceptance regions are necessary for high frequency operation where phase noise dominates. Using allowed states with the maximum amplitude modulation in both branches can provide nearly 90-degree phase acceptance. Requiring that the two branches be equal provides nearly 180-degree phase acceptance. Further requiring that the amplitude levels be positive can provide total phase-noise immunity, with a 360-degree allowable phase range. Embodiments can thereby enable high frequency communication despite phase noise.

A transmitter apparatus wherein a simple structure is used to successfully suppress the degradation of error rate performance that otherwise would be caused by fading or the like. There are included encoding parts that encode transport data; a mapping part that performs such a mapping that encoded data sequentially formed by the encoding parts are not successively included in the same symbol, thereby forming data symbols; and a symbol interleaver that interleaves the data symbols. In this way, a low computational complexity can be used to perform an interleaving process equivalent to a bit interleaving process to effectively improve the reception quality at a receiving end.

A transmitter apparatus wherein a simple structure is used to successfully suppress the degradation of error rate performance that otherwise would be caused by fading or the like. There are included encoding parts that encode transport data; a mapping part that performs such a mapping that encoded data sequentially formed by the encoding parts are not successively included in the same symbol, thereby forming data symbols; and a symbol interleaver that interleaves the data symbols. In this way, a low computational complexity can be used to perform an interleaving process equivalent to a bit interleaving process to effectively improve the reception quality at a receiving end.

To mitigate phase noise and amplitude noise in a 5G or 6G message, the transmitter can include an extremely compact demodulation reference with a predetermined format including a first branch and an orthogonal second branch. The first branch can exhibit the maximum positive amplitude level of the modulation scheme, and the second branch can exhibit either the minimum positive level or the maximum negative level, depending on implementation. The receiver can determine, from the received branch amplitudes, a phase correction and an amplitude correction. Upon receiving a message including noise, the receiver can calculate a sum-signal amplitude and sum-signal phase according to the branch amplitudes of each message element, subtract the amplitude correction and phase correction, derive corrected branch amplitudes, and compare them to the predetermined amplitude levels of the modulation scheme. The receiver can thereby demodulate the message element with the phase noise and amplitude noise largely negated.

At high frequencies planned for 5G and 6G, phase noise may be a limiting factor on reliability and throughput. The default modulation scheme is currently QAM. Disclosed is a more versatile demodulation method based on the amplitude and phase of the sum-signal, which is the vector sum of the two branch amplitudes of QAM. The transmitter modulates a message by sum-signal amplitude and phase. The receiver can process the received waveform according to quadrature branches as usual, and determines the branch amplitudes. The receiver then calculates, from the branch amplitudes, the sum-signal amplitude and sum-signal phase for demodulation. The receiver can thereby obtain substantially enhanced phase-noise tolerance and amplitude spacing uniformity at virtually no cost. In addition, methods are disclosed for determining specific message fault types and non-square modulation tables depending on the type of mitigation required. Sum-signal modulation can provide access to high-frequency bands with enhanced reliability and throughput.

A receiver convolutes each of a real component and an imaginary component of each polarization of a polarization-multiplexed reception signal with an impulse response for compensating for frequency characteristics of the receiver and a complex impulse response for wavelength dispersion compensation, and generates, as input signals, the convoluted real component and imaginary component of each polarization and phase conjugations thereof, for each polarization. The receiver generates, for each polarization, a first addition signal obtained by multiplying each of the real component and the imaginary component of each polarization by a complex impulse response, thereafter adding together the multiplied real component and imaginary component, and applying a phase rotation for frequency offset compensation to the added components, and a second addition signal obtained by multiplying each of the phase conjugation of the real component of and the phase conjugation of the imaginary component of each polarization by a complex impulse response, thereafter adding together the multiplied phase conjugations, and applying a phase rotation opposite to the phase rotation for frequency offset compensation to the added phase conjugations, and adds or subtracts a transmission data bias correction signal to or from a signal obtained by adding together the generated first addition signal and second addition signal.

A receiver convolutes each of a real component and an imaginary component of each polarization of a polarization-multiplexed reception signal with an impulse response for compensating for frequency characteristics of the receiver and a complex impulse response for wavelength dispersion compensation, and generates, as input signals, the convoluted real component and imaginary component of each polarization and phase conjugations thereof, for each polarization. The receiver generates, for each polarization, a first addition signal obtained by multiplying each of the real component and the imaginary component of each polarization by a complex impulse response, thereafter adding together the multiplied real component and imaginary component, and applying a phase rotation for frequency offset compensation to the added components, and a second addition signal obtained by multiplying each of the phase conjugation of the real component of and the phase conjugation of the imaginary component of each polarization by a complex impulse response, thereafter adding together the multiplied phase conjugations, and applying a phase rotation opposite to the phase rotation for frequency offset compensation to the added phase conjugations, and adds or subtracts a transmission data bias correction signal to or from a signal obtained by adding together the generated first addition signal and second addition signal.

Precision synchronization is key to reliable communications at the high frequencies planned for 5G and 6G. A timing reference signal can provide a compact, resource-efficient, low-complexity phase noise mitigation while also providing an amplitude noise calibration. The timing reference signal is a QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) signal with an I branch multiplexed with an orthogonal Q branch, in which one of the branches is modulated according to a maximum amplitude level of the modulation scheme, and the other branch has zero amplitude as-transmitted. When received, the amplitude and phase may be altered by noise. The receiver can measure the overall magnitude of the received I and Q signals to mitigate amplitude noise, and can also calculate a phase rotation angle according to a ratio of the I and Q branch signals as-received, and thereby correct for phase noise in the message.

Provided is a wireless communication apparatus wherein channel estimation accuracy is improved while keeping the position of each bit in a frame, even when a modulation system having a large modulation multiple value is used for a data symbol. In the wireless communication apparatus, an encoding section encodes and outputs transmitting data to a bit converting section, and the bit converting section converts at least one bit of a plurality of bits constituting a data symbol to be used for channel estimation, among the encoded bit strings, into ‘1’ or ‘0’ and outputs it to a modulating section. The modulating section modulates the bit string inputted from the bit converting section by using a single modulation mapper and a plurality of data symbols are generated.

Provided is a wireless communication apparatus wherein channel estimation accuracy is improved while keeping the position of each bit in a frame, even when a modulation system having a large modulation multiple value is used for a data symbol. In the wireless communication apparatus, an encoding section encodes and outputs transmitting data to a bit converting section, and the bit converting section converts at least one bit of a plurality of bits constituting a data symbol to be used for channel estimation, among the encoded bit strings, into ‘1’ or ‘0’ and outputs it to a modulating section. The modulating section modulates the bit string inputted from the bit converting section by using a single modulation mapper and a plurality of data symbols are generated.