A network device may transmit, to a first neighbor network device, information indicating that the network device supports bit indexed explicit replication (BIER), where the network device does not support BIER. The network device may receive, from the first neighbor network device, a multicast packet that includes a first BIER label associated with the network device. The network device may replace the first BIER label with a second BIER label associated with a second neighbor network device, and may transmit the multicast packet to the second neighbor network device. The second neighbor network device may be to tunnel the multicast packet to a third neighbor network device that supports BIER.

A terminal device and a base station apparatus use a broad band to improve a throughput. Provided is a terminal device that communicates with a base station apparatus, including a reception unit that receives signals of a first frame structure and a second frame structure, and a subcarrier spacing in the second frame structure is m times a subcarrier spacing in the first frame structure (m is a natural number). Provided is a base station apparatus which communicates with a terminal device, including a transmission unit that transmits signals of a first frame structure and a second frame structure, and a subcarrier spacing in the second frame structure is m times a subcarrier spacing in the first frame structure (m is a natural number).

A method and apparatus include receiving a measurement configuration by higher layer signaling, where the higher layer signaling is above the physical layer. The measurement configuration includes at least information of frequency location of synchronization signals, a carrier frequency, and a maximum allowed measurement bandwidth. A measurement reference signal is then received based on the received measurement configuration, and a measurement based on the received measurement reference signal is performed.

The techniques describe forwarding multicast traffic using a multi-level cache in a network device forwarding plane for determining a set of outgoing interfaces of the network device on which to forward the multicast traffic. For example, a multi-level cache is configured to store a multicast identifier of a multicast packet and multicast forwarding information associated with the multicast identifier, such as identification of one or more egress packet processors of the network device to which the multicast packet is to be sent for forwarding to the set of one or more egress network devices, and/or outgoing interfaces of the network device toward each egress network device of the set of one or more egress network devices. The multi-level cache is also configured to store respective multicast identifiers that are to be encapsulated with outgoing multicast packets that are forwarded to the set of one or more egress network devices.

Systems and methods for allocating resources are disclosed. Resources such as streams are allocated using a stream credit system. Credits are issued to the clients in a manner that ensure the system is operating in a safe allocation state. The credits can be used not only to allocate resources but also to throttle clients where necessary. Credits can be granted fully, partially, and in a number greater than a request. Zero or negative credits can also be issued to throttle clients.

Described herein are devices and techniques for distributing application data. A device can communicate with one or more hardware switches. The device can receive, from a software stack, a multicast message including a constraint that indicates how application data is to be distributed. The constraint including a listing of the set of nodes and a number of nodes to which the application data is to be distributed. The device may receive, from the software stack, the application data for distribution to a plurality of nodes. The plurality of nodes being a subset of the set of nodes equaling the number of nodes. The device may select the plurality of nodes from the set of nodes. The device also may distribute a copy of the application data to the plurality of nodes based on the constraint. Also described are other embodiments.

A method for managing data transmission comprising making a bandwidth on a network resource available to at least one requestor for transmitting or receiving data according to a first request of a first type, the first type have a prescribed quality of service guarantee; transmitting first data in accordance with the first type to or from the at least one requestor on the network resource using a first portion of the bandwidth, if the first data are available to be transferred to or from the at least one requestor; transmitting second data according to a second request of a second type on the network resource to or from the at least one requestor or a second requestor, the second data transmitted without a quality of service guarantee using a second portion of the bandwidth, if the first portion of the prescribed bandwidth is less than the entire bandwidth.

Methods for directly mapping attributes from controllers connected to a switch are provided. Multicast protocols are combined with policy management and applied to systems with multiple host and source devices. Unnecessary data packets are dropped, while only necessary data packets are forwarded. These methods decrease the amount of resources needed to process requests received during multicasting, provide enhanced security options, and further integrate networking solutions.

The system is directed to a plurality of nodes in a network and a process by which the nodes reach a consensus ordering of broadcast messages. For example, one or more nodes proceed by agreeing on an order of two or more broadcast message derived events A and B. If a node sees event A longer than a time period (T6) before seeing event B, then the node outputs A consensus-before B as a consensus broadcast ordering. If the node sees the event A and not the event B after waiting at least T6, then the node outputs A consensus-before B as a consensus broadcast ordering. However, if the node sees both events A and event B within T6, then the node broadcasts a request for a vote on message ordering, executes a consensus broadcast reception protocol for the votes, and makes an ordering decision based on the votes received.

The present disclosure generally discloses a multicast capability configured to support multicast that is based on use of Bit Indexed Explicit Replication (BIER). The multicast capability may be configured to support deployment of BIER into a network in a manner that continues to support use of Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) for multicast control within the network. The multicast capability may be configured to support deployment of BIER, into a network including an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) area, using a BIER domain that is commensurate with the IGP area or that is only a portion of the IGP area. The multicast capability may be configured to support deployment of BIER into a network in a manner supporting stitching of traditional PIM access networks via a BIER core network.