In a medium conveying device, a projector projects light, a projection light amount of the light changes, at every fixed time, to a first projection light amount and a second projection light amount less than the first projection light amount, a receiver receives the light projected from the projector, a processor determines, at fixed sampling timings, whether a reception light amount of the receiver is at a first reception light level or a second reception light level smaller than the first reception light level, determines, when the reception light amount alternately changes to the first reception light level and the second reception light level, that a medium is not present on a conveying path, and determines, when the reception light amount is fixed to either the first reception light level or the second reception light level, that the medium is present on the conveying path.

A position detection device includes a background member, a reader, and processing circuitry. The background member has a higher absorption characteristic in an invisible wavelength region than in a visible wavelength region. The reader opposite the background member irradiates a recording medium having a mark and the background member with light of a visible wavelength to output a visible image or with light of an invisible wavelength to output an invisible image. The processing circuitry is configured to: detect an end position of the recording medium and a position of the mark on the recording medium from a read image output from the reader; and select the visible or invisible image as the read image used for position detection, according to an absorption characteristic of a color material forming the mark read by the reader and an absorption characteristic of the recording medium in the invisible wavelength region.

A first zone and a second zone of a scan surface may be scanned by an image sensor. A lid may be coupled to the scan surface and have an open position and a closed position, the lid being to cover the first zone and the second zone when in the closed position. The position of a lid may be determined based on a comparison of a scan of the first zone and a scan of the second zone.

A medium conveying apparatus includes a conveyance roller to convey a medium, an imaging sensor to sequentially generate a line image acquired by imaging the medium conveyed by the conveyance roller, a processor to detect an inclination of the conveyed medium based on at least two first pixels in the line image, determine whether a part of the conveyed medium has passed through a position corresponding to a second pixel located outside the first pixels based on the line image, and stop conveyance of the medium by the conveyance roller when the detected inclination is equal to or greater than a threshold value and the processor determines that a part of the medium has passed through the position corresponding to the second pixel.

An image processing apparatus includes a document area extracting module configured to extract a document area from the captured image, the document area being an area of the document, a note area extracting module configured to extract a first note area from the captured image, the first note area being an area of the first note positioned at a first position of the document area of the first page, a character determining module configured to determine the first character included in the first note area by optical character recognition, a document image generating module configured to mask the first note area included in the document area, and generate a document image, a file name generating module configured to generate a file name including the first character, and a file generating module configured to generate an electronic file of the document image having the file name.

An information processing apparatus includes a processor configured to: obtain characteristic values including smoothness and basis weight of a recording medium; and identify the type of the recording medium on the basis of the smoothness and the basis weight.

A document placement detecting device includes a document table, a plate, a plurality of invisible light sources, an imaging device, and circuitry. The document table transmits light. The plate is openable and closable relative to the document table, and covers the document table in a closed state of the plate. The plurality of invisible light sources irradiate a placement area with invisible light via the document table. The placement area is an area of the document table on which a document is placed. The imaging device receives reflected light from the document, and outputs read data. The circuitry detects the placement of the document with a change in a read value of the read data output from the imaging device based on the irradiation with the invisible light.

An image processing device comprising a processor configured to: determine presence or absence of a face image for each of a plurality of pieces of image data read from at least one image presenting medium, and decide a relationship for the plurality of pieces of image data, based on a result of the determination. The relationship is a front and back of the image presenting medium or a page order, and the processor is further configured to: decides that image data including a face image is on a front side of the image presenting medium or on a page before image data not including a face image.

A nail polish application apparatus, comprising a mounting element comprising a capsule compartment adapted to receive one or more capsules containing a nail polish fluid wherein the mounting element is moveable by actuator(s) in longitudinal axis crossing a nail polish applying space and in lateral axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and is rotatable by the actuator(s) around the longitudinal axis, a pressure applying element adapted to apply pressure on a body portion of the capsule(s) installed in the capsule compartment wherein the body portion defines a reservoir containing a nail polish fluid, the pressure builds an internal pressure in the reservoir forcing extrusion of the nail polish fluid to a nail polish applying element integrated with the capsule(s), sensor(s) adapted to generate sensory data depicting the nail polish applying space and a control unit adapted to operate the actuator(s) and the pressure according to analysis of the sensory data.

A kit for usage by a nail polish application apparatus, the kit comprising one or more nail polish capsules. Each of the nail polish capsule(s) comprises a body portion defining a reservoir containing a nail polish fluid and a non-screw detachable cover having an integrated nail polish applying element. The non-screw detachable cover is mechanically coupled to an upper face of the body portion to seal an opening in the upper face.