This application provides a communication method and apparatus, to obtain a link set/link sets to which a link/links belongs/belong, and may be applied to a Wi-Fi system. The method includes: generating, by a first multi-link device MLD, a first frame, and sending the first frame. The first frame includes a first field, the first field indicates a relationship between a first link and at least one link set, the first link is any one of at least one link established between the first MLD and a second MLD, and the link set includes one or more of the at least one link.

A computer method and system for analyzing performance of a 5G communication network for determining 4G traffic offload characteristics. Determine relative spectrum efficiency for data downlinks and uplinks in the 5G communication network and determine values for pairs of 4G LTE primary cells and 5G NR primary cells. A heatmap is generated utilizing the determined values for depicting 4G traffic offload characteristics in a 5G communication network wherein the generated heatmap includes a generated line depicting a connection between a LTE PCell to a 5G NR PScell wherein a width of the generated line is scalable relative to a determined percentage of 5G utilized traffic in the 5G communication system.

A control plane (CP) function for session management performs a procedure for establishing local traffic offloading for a user equipment (UE) in a mobile network having an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) and Fifth Generation (5G) converged core that supports communications via a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) radio access network (RAN) and a Fifth Generation (5G) RAN. Initially, a connection is established for the UE via the LTE RAN that includes a first bearer between the LTE RAN and a central serving gateway-user plane (SGW-U) at a central location, and a second bearer between the central SGW-U and a central packet gateway-user plane (PGW-U) at the central location. The CP function inserts a local SGW-U at an edge location and subsequently inserts a local intermediate user plane function (I-UPF) with an uplink classifier (UL-CL) at the edge location for enabling edge offload of traffic from the LTE RAN.

A method of processing packets propagated over a packet switched communications network having a control plane, user plane, and a plurality of probes, the method comprising: receiving at least one control plane packet associated with creating at least one user session in the network; selecting a set of user sessions from the at least one user session; determining at least one target feature that characterizes packets propagated over the network; and load balancing all packets sharing the at least one target feature that belong to a same user session of the set of user sessions to a same probe of the plurality of probes for processing by the probe.

Provided are a method for performing wireless communication by a first device and an apparatus supporting same. The method may comprise the steps of: transmitting, to a second device, information related to a first resource on a sidelink (SL) bandwidth part (BWP); and performing SL reception from the second device on a second resource on the SL BWP. The second resource may not overlap with the first resource.

A system for differentiating quality of service (QoS) in inter-microservice communication according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a network control unit generating a QoS-aware path for guaranteeing QoS between microservices; a service registration unit registering information about the QoS-aware path between the microservices; and when it is necessary to guarantee the quality of service of messages received from a sending microservice, a communication processing unit identifying the QoS-aware path between the sending microservice and a receiving microservice from the information on the registered QoS-aware path, and processing the inter-microservice communication to allow the message to be transferred to the receiving microservice through the identified QoS path.

A system and method for exchanging data between a shore terminal and one or more ship terminals is illustrated. For this purpose, one or more data partitions are maintained in a message store at the shore terminal, wherein each data partition corresponds to a ship terminal from the one or more ship terminals. Further, one or more packets are received from enterprise applications running at the shore terminal. Packet comprises a payload and a meta-information, wherein the payload corresponds to data which is to be exchanged and the meta-information corresponds to an address associated with destination. Meta-information is used to store the received packets to their corresponding data partitions. Further, on establishing a stable network connection between the target ship and the message store, the payload is then transmitted from the data partitions at the message store to their corresponding destination.

Relay service is enabled between a residential gateway and a remote user. For example, a 5G residential gateway (5G-RG) may include a relay user equipment (UE) to enable relay service for a 5G core (5GC)-capable UE behind the 5G-RG to connect to the 5GC. The relay UE of the 5G-RG may provide a trusted/untrusted non-3GPP access network for L2 or L3 transport connection to the 5GC-capable UE.

A method performed by a server in a wireless communication system is provided. The method includes acquiring first configuration management (CM) information and first performance management (PM) information during a first period for a sector managed by the server, training a load balance model based on the first CM information and the first PM information, and determining a second load balance parameter to be used for distribution of communication traffic within the sector based on output information output upon an input of each of multiple candidate load balance parameters to the load balance model. The first CM information includes a first load balance parameter, and the first PM information includes at least one PM value.

Systems and methods for optimizing network traffic are disclosed. In one embodiment, a system for optimizing the performance of a plurality of networks includes a first terminal device, a traffic steering controller, and a terminal traffic steering agent. The traffic steering controller may be configured to receive user profiles, terminal metrics and network performance metrics and create traffic steering rules based on the user profiles, terminal metrics, and network performance. The terminal traffic steering agent may be configured to receive traffic steering rules from the traffic steering controller and direct a virtual network switch based on the traffic steering rules. The virtual network switch may be configured to handle network traffic at a virtual network interface and, based on directions received from the traffic steering controller, exchange network traffic at least at a physical interface of at least one of the plurality of access networks.