A metal heater system. More specifically, a plurality of metal heaters is coupled to the surface of the lower end of a pipeline at predetermined intervals in the longitudinal direction of the pipeline, and PTC heating elements inside the metal heaters conduct heat to local portions of the pipeline. Convection is generated in a fluid inside the pipeline because of the heat conducted to the local portions, and thus the overall pipeline is maintained at a constant temperature, efficiently preventing the freezing and bursting of the pipeline in winter.

A heater 1a includes: a substrate 10 made of a resin; a conductive film 20 being a heating element; and a power supply electrode 30. The power supply electrode 30 is electrically connected to the conductive film 20 and is arranged along a surface of the conductive film 20. The power supply electrode 30 includes a conductive filler 30p and a binder 30m. The binder 30m binds the conductive filler 30p. The power supply electrode 30 has a specific resistance of 100 .Math.Ω•cm or less. The heater 1a satisfies a relation |Rd ― Ri|/Ri ≤ 0.2. Rd is an electrical resistance [Ω] of the heater 1a, the electrical resistance being obtained after an environment of the heater 1a is maintained at a temperature of 85° C. and a relative humidity of 85% for 1000 hours. Ri is an initial electrical resistance Ri of the heater 1a.

A heater 1a includes: a substrate 10 made of a resin; a conductive film 20 being a heating element; and a power supply electrode 30. The power supply electrode 30 is electrically connected to the conductive film 20 and is arranged along a surface of the conductive film 20. The power supply electrode 30 includes a conductive filler 30p and a binder 30m. The binder 30m binds the conductive filler 30p. The power supply electrode 30 has a specific resistance of 100 .Math.Ω•cm or less. The heater 1a satisfies a relation |Rd ― Ri|/Ri ≤ 0.2. Rd is an electrical resistance [Ω] of the heater 1a, the electrical resistance being obtained after an environment of the heater 1a is maintained at a temperature of 85° C. and a relative humidity of 85% for 1000 hours. Ri is an initial electrical resistance Ri of the heater 1a.

A positive temperature coefficient component includes: a substrate (32); a conductive ink (36) disposed over at least a portion of the substrate (32); a positive temperature coefficient layer (38) disposed over at least a portion of the substrate (32) and/or the conductive ink (36); and a topcoat layer (42) formed from a coating composition including a dielectric material disposed over at least a portion of the positive temperature coefficient layer (38) and/or the conductive ink (36).

An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure provides a pressure sensitive heating element including a front electrode and a foam including a conductive material attached to one or both surfaces of the front electrode, and a method for manufacturing the same.

The present invention relates to a heating paint which can be used to generate a surface heating device on a wall. The invention further relates to a surface heating device which is suitable in particular for heating a room, and also to a kit for producing a surface heating device on a wall. The invention relates, moreover, to uses of the subjects of the invention, especially for producing a surface heating device and, respectively, for heating a room, and to corresponding methods.

An electric heating pad for warming a patient. The electric heating pad may be a heated underbody support, heated mattress or heated mattress overlay. An embodiment of the heating pad includes a flexible sheet-like heating element including an upper edge, a lower edge, and at least two side edges. The heating pad may also include a shell covering the heating element and comprising at least two sheets of flexible material (e.g., two sheets may be one sheet folded over to form at least two sheets). The two sheets of flexible material may be coupled together about the edges of the heating element by a weld. The material of the two sheets may include urethane. In some embodiments, a catalyst to accelerate hydrogen peroxide decomposition is coated on or impregnated into an element within the shell, or on the interior surface of the shell.

Disclosed are methods of making low voltage joule heating elements (10, 40, 50) from carbon nanotubes (CNT) (32). In an embodiment, the heating element (10) includes layers (12) of aligned thin film CNTs. In another embodiment, the heating element (40) includes CNTs (32) dispersed in a polymer (34) to form a CNT polymer composite (30). In another embodiment, the heating element (50) includes CNT thread (52) stitched to a fabric (54). Each embodiment further includes a pair of electrodes (20, 22, 42, 44, 56, 58) that are configured to be couple to a source of electricity. Embodiments further include an encapsulating film (24, 46) over at least the heating element. The heating elements (10, 40, 50) produced by the processes disclosed herein are lightweight and highly efficient and suitable for many uses including incorporation into objects such as clothing and footwear.

Configurations are described that provide uniform heat distribution of resistive heaters. These configurations allow successful anti-icing and deicing with relatively low applied power. One aspect involves the use of a thin film heater applied just underneath the topcoat to efficiently direct all heat to the surface, allowing anti-icing and de-icing with minimal power. This can be accomplished by employing a hybrid electrode interface, using a metal foil or metal braid that is attached to the aircraft surface with a structural adhesive that has been smoothed along the edges with metal-filled adhesive. Another aspect uses an array of heater cells created as a single sheet and a heat spreading material, provided underneath or overtop of the heater cells.

Provided is a rotor blade of a wind turbine including a leading edge section with a leading edge and a trailing edge section with a trailing edge, wherein the leading edge and the trailing edge divide the surface of the rotor blade into a suction side and a pressure side. The rotor blade further includes a blade shell for defining the outer shape of the rotor blade and a heating mat for anti-icing and/or deicing purposes which is arranged upon the blade shell. In the outboard region of the rotor blade, the heating mat is substantially or completely covered by a protective shield made of an electrically insulating polymer material. Use of a protective shield made of electrically insulating polymer material for electrical insulation of a heating mat in particular, against lightning strikes is also provided.