The present specification provides the compound represented by Formula 1 and an organic solar cell including the same.

Provided is a solar cell comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, a light-absorbing layer located between the first electrode and the second electrode, and an electron transport layer located between the first electrode and the light-absorbing layer. At least one electrode selected from the group consisting of the first electrode and the second electrode has light-transmissive property. The light-absorbing layer contains a perovskite compound represented by a chemical formula ASnX.sub.3 (where A is a monovalent cation and X is a halogen anion). The electron transport layer contains an electron transport material including Ti and Zn. A difference between energy levels of lower ends of conduction bands of the electron transport material and the perovskite compound is less than 0.42 eV.

The present invention relates to compositions comprising: a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and a liquor. The present invention also relates to methods of using the compositions.

Method of making an array of interconnected solar cells, including a) providing a continuous layer stack (1) of a prescribed thickness on a substrate (8), the layer stack (1) including an upper (2) and a lower (3) conductive layer having a photoactive layer (4) and a semiconducting electron transport layer (6) interposed there between; b) selectively removing the upper conductive layer (2) and the photoactive layer (4) for obtaining a contact hole (10) exposing the semiconducting electron transport layer (6); c) selectively heating the layer stack (1) to a first depth (d1) for obtaining a first heat affected zone (12) at a first center-to-center distance (s1) from the contact hole (10), the first heat affected zone (12) being transformed into a substantially insulating region with substantially the first depth (d1) in the layer stack, thereby locally providing an increased electrical resistivity to the layer stack (1).

The present specification relates to a heterocyclic compound of Chemical Formula 1 and an organic electronic device including the same.

Disclosed herein are novel hole transporting materials comprising polycyclic heteroaromatic hydrocarbon compounds that are easy to synthesize and inexpensive. The hole transporting materials of the present disclosure have high hole mobility and thus do not require any doping. The hole transporting materials of the present disclosure also have matching frontier orbitals when used in devices with the perovskite and cathodes, facilitating hole migration across perovskite/hole transporting layers and hole transporting layer/cathode interfaces. The hole transporting materials of the present disclosure can further be hydrophobic with no moisture attracting atoms. The hole transporting materials can be used to form dense and uniform films on perovskite, and combined with hydrophobicity, form an excellent moisture barrier for the perovskite. With the present disclosure compound as the hole transporting layer in a perovskite solar cell, highly stable and highly efficient and inexpensive solar cells can be achieved.

The present invention relates to a photovoltaic material and a photovoltaic device comprising the photoactive material arranged between a hole transport layer and an electron acceptor layer. The present invention also relates to the use of the photovoltaic material.

The present disclosure relates to an optoelectronic device including a heterojunction of a halide perovskite single crystal and a two-dimensional semiconductor material layer and a method of manufacturing the same.

The present disclosure provides a photoabsorber which has a perovskite crystal structure and is represented by the composition formula ABX.sub.3, wherein A is a monovalent cation including formamidinium cation A.sup.1 and a nitrogen-containing cation A.sup.2; the nitrogen-containing cation A.sup.2 has a larger ionic radius than the formamidinium cation A.sup.1; B is a divalent cation including a Sn cation; and X is a halogen anion. The photoabsorber according to the present disclosure improves conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell.

A photovoltaic device comprises plural layers separated into plural cells, each comprising a region of a photoactive layer and electrodes on opposite sides thereof. Each of the regions of the photoactive layer are formed comprising a first part that comprises photoactive material and a second part that is not photoactive and that has a greater transmittance of visible light than the light absorbing photoactive material, in pre-selected locations, or in a pre-selected distribution of locations, across the region of the photoactive layer. One of the first and second parts are located in plural separate areas within the other of the first and second parts. The transparency of the photovoltaic device is increased by the transmission of light through the second part that is not photoactive.