A solar module for transforming solar energy into electrical energy includes a substrate and a pair of solar cells formed on the substrate next to each other and electrically connected in series to each other through a top common back electrode. A first solar cell of the pair has a pin configuration, and a second solar cell of the pair has a nip configuration. The pin configuration has hole and electron transport layers located in a reverse order relative to the nip configuration.

A solar module for transforming solar energy into electrical energy includes a substrate and a pair of solar cells formed on the substrate next to each other and electrically connected in series to each other through a top common back electrode. A first solar cell of the pair has a pin configuration, and a second solar cell of the pair has a nip configuration. The pin configuration has hole and electron transport layers located in a reverse order relative to the nip configuration.

The present disclosure relates to a device that includes an irregular network of interconnected ridges in physical contact with a planar substrate and a perovskite layer, where the planar substrate include a support layer and a first charge selective contact layer, the first charge selective contact layer is positioned between the support layer and the interconnected ridges, each ridge includes a second charge selective contact layer and an insulating layer, the insulating layer is positioned between the first charge selective contact layer and the second charge selective contact layer, and the perovskite layer substantially covers the plurality of interconnected ridges and the underlying planar substrate.

The present disclosure relates to a device that includes an irregular network of interconnected ridges in physical contact with a planar substrate and a perovskite layer, where the planar substrate include a support layer and a first charge selective contact layer, the first charge selective contact layer is positioned between the support layer and the interconnected ridges, each ridge includes a second charge selective contact layer and an insulating layer, the insulating layer is positioned between the first charge selective contact layer and the second charge selective contact layer, and the perovskite layer substantially covers the plurality of interconnected ridges and the underlying planar substrate.

A solar cell according to the present disclosure includes a first electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode in this order. The photoelectric conversion layer comprises a perovskite compound comprising a first metal element and a second metal element, a first compound comprising the first metal element and a first amine material having two or more carbon atoms, and a second compound comprising the second metal element and a second amine material having two or more carbon atoms.

A solar cell according to the present disclosure includes a first electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode in this order. The photoelectric conversion layer comprises a perovskite compound comprising a first metal element and a second metal element, a first compound comprising the first metal element and a first amine material having two or more carbon atoms, and a second compound comprising the second metal element and a second amine material having two or more carbon atoms.

An organic-inorganic perovskite solar cell with directional arrangement of intrinsic perovskite dipoles is provided, and includes a conductive substrate, an electron transport layer, a perovskite film with directional arrangement of intrinsic dipoles, a hole transport layer and a metal counter electrode arranged from bottom to top; or the conductive substrate, the perovskite film with directional arrangement of intrinsic dipoles, the hole transport layer and the metal counter electrode arranged from bottom to top; a preparation method of the perovskite film includes: adding sulfonamide into perovskite precursor solution, and evenly mixing; spin coating on the electron transport layer or the conductive substrate and annealing. Volatile and high-polar molecule sulfonamide is used as an initiator for directional arrangement of intrinsic perovskite dipoles to induce reorientation of perovskite dipoles, thus achieving vertical directional polarization of the perovskite film, and effectively improve photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

A bifacial photovoltaic structure includes a transparent substrate, a perovskite absorber layer overlaying the substrate, a transparent first composite conductor interposed between the substrate and the perovskite absorber layer, and a transparent second composite conductor disposed over the perovskite absorber layer. The first composite conductor includes a first set of metal lines, and a first conducting layer provided in contact with the metal lines, wherein the first set of metal lines is characterized by a first set of dimensions and a first metallic composition. The second composite conductor includes a second conducting layer, and a second set of metal lines provided in contact with the second conducting layer, wherein the second set of metal lines is characterized by a second set of dimensions and a second metallic composition. The dimensions and/or compositions of the first and second composite conductors are different.

A bifacial photovoltaic structure includes a transparent substrate, a perovskite absorber layer overlaying the substrate, a transparent first composite conductor interposed between the substrate and the perovskite absorber layer, and a transparent second composite conductor disposed over the perovskite absorber layer. The first composite conductor includes a first set of metal lines, and a first conducting layer provided in contact with the metal lines, wherein the first set of metal lines is characterized by a first set of dimensions and a first metallic composition. The second composite conductor includes a second conducting layer, and a second set of metal lines provided in contact with the second conducting layer, wherein the second set of metal lines is characterized by a second set of dimensions and a second metallic composition. The dimensions and/or compositions of the first and second composite conductors are different.

According to some embodiments, an electrical generating window comprises a first substrate layer, an anode layer disposed adjacent to the first substrate layer, a hole transport layer disposed adjacent to the anode layer, an active layer disposed adjacent to the hole transport layer, an electron transport layer disposed adjacent to the active layer, a cathode layer disposed adjacent to the electron transport layer, and a second substrate layer adjacent to the cathode layer. Two or more electron conveyance cylinders are disposed between the second substrate layer and the active layer.