An organic electroluminescent element includes an organic electroluminescent part and a pair of partition walls. The organic electroluminescent part includes an organic material layer, a resonator, and a film-thickness adjustment layer. The film-thickness adjustment layer has a thickness that is adjusted to allow a difference between a height of a pinning position and a height of a middle position of an upper surface of the organic material layer to fall within a predetermined range. The pinning position is a position at which the upper surface of the organic material layer and each of the partition walls are in contact with each other.

Provided are a thin film transistor (TFT) substrate and a method of manufacturing the same. A TFT substrate includes: a substrate defining a pixel area, a first TFT including: an oxide semiconductor layer, a first gate electrode on the oxide semiconductor layer, a first source electrode, and a first drain electrode, a second TFT including: a second gate electrode, a polycrystalline semiconductor layer on the second gate electrode, a second source electrode, and a second drain electrode, a first gate insulating layer under the first gate electrode and the second gate electrode, the first gate insulating layer covering the oxide semiconductor layer, a second gate insulating layer under the polycrystalline semiconductor layer, the second gate insulating layer covering the first gate electrode and the second gate electrode, and an intermediate insulating layer on the first gate electrode and the polycrystalline semiconductor layer, the intermediate insulating layer including a nitride layer.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a material having a high Tg and a wide energy gap. The present invention provides a spirofluorene derivative represented by General Formula 1. (In the formula, R.sup.1 is any one of hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or a group represented by General Formula 2. Each of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is either hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and may be identical or different. R.sup.4 is an aryl group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms. Each of R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is any one of hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms and may be identical or different.) ##STR00001##

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display panel and an OLED display device are provided. The OLED display panel comprises a first substrate; a first electrode layer disposed on the first substrate and including a plurality of first electrodes; a first hole transport layer disposed on a surface of the first electrode layer far away from the first substrate, and including a plurality of hole transport units, wherein the plurality of hole transport units are arranged in correspondence with the plurality of first electrodes respectively; a plurality of light-emitting devices disposed on a surface of the first hole transport layer far away from the first electrode layer, wherein the plurality of the light-emitting devices are arranged in correspondence with the plurality of hole transport units respectively, and the hole transport units corresponding to the light-emitting devices of two different colors have different mobility; and a second electrode layer.

Provided are a display device and a method for manufacturing the same. According to exemplary embodiments, a display device includes a substrate in which a display area and a non-display area disposed outside the display area are defined, an interlayer insulating film disposed on the substrate, a passivation film disposed on the interlayer insulating film, an anode disposed on the passivation film, an intermediate layer disposed on the anode, a cathode disposed on the intermediate layer, a capping layer disposed on the cathode, and an encapsulation film disposed on the capping layer.

A method for producing a frame-equipped vapor deposition mask sequentially includes preparing a vapor deposition mask including a metal mask having a slit and a resin mask having an opening corresponding to a pattern to be produced by vapor deposition at a position overlapping the slit, the metal mask and the resin mask being stacked, retaining a part of the vapor deposition mask by a retainer and stretching the vapor deposition mask retained by the retainer outward, and fixing the vapor deposition mask in a state of being stretched to a frame having a through hole. During stretching, any one or both adjustments of a rotating adjustment and a moving adjustment of the vapor deposition mask are performed with respect to the vapor deposition mask in the state of being stretched or with the vapor deposition mask being stretched.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, an organic light emitting element includes: a first electrode; an organic emission layer disposed on the first electrode; and a second electrode disposed on the organic emission layer. The first electrode includes a first sub-electrode including a first metal, a second sub-electrode disposed on the first sub-electrode and including a transparent conductive material, and a barrier layer disposed on the second sub-electrode and including a second metal in the form of an oxide.

A display device includes a pixel portion in which a pixel electrode layer is arranged in a matrix, and an inverted staggered thin film transistor having a combination of at least two kinds of oxide semiconductor layers with different amounts of oxygen is provided corresponding to the pixel electrode layer. In the periphery of the pixel portion in this display device, a pad portion is provided to be electrically connected to a common electrode layer formed on a counter substrate through a conductive layer made of the same material as the pixel electrode layer. One objection of our invention to prevent a defect due to separation of a thin film in various kinds of display devices is realized, by providing a structure suitable for a pad portion provided in a display panel.

An electroluminescent element which can easily control the balance of color in white emission (white balance) is provided according to the present invention. The electroluminescent element comprises a first light-emitting layer containing one kind or two or more kinds of light-emitting materials, and a second light-emitting layer containing two kinds of light-emitting materials (a host material and a phosphorescent material) in which the phosphorescent material is doped at a concentration of from 10 to 40 wt %, preferably, from 12.5 to 20 wt %. Consequently, blue emission can be obtained from the first light-emitting layer and green and red (or orange) emission can be obtained from the second light-emitting layer. An electroluminescent element having such device configuration can easily control white balance since emission peak intensity changes at the same rate in case of increasing a current density.

A display device includes a substrate, a pad electrode, a pixel electrode, an opposite electrode, an encapsulation member, a planarization layer, and a conductive layer. The substrate includes a display region and a peripheral region. The pad electrode is disposed on the substrate in the peripheral region. The pixel electrode and the opposite electrode are disposed on the substrate in the display region. The encapsulation member is disposed on the opposite electrode. The planarization layer is disposed on the encapsulation member in the display region and the peripheral region. The conductive layer is disposed on the planarization layer. The planarization layer includes a contact hole exposing at least a portion of the pad electrode. The conductive layer contacts the portion of the pad electrode exposed through the contact hole.