A polymer comprising: ##STR00001## In this embodiment, R′ and R″, can be independently selected from the group consisting of: a halogen, a substituted alkyl, an unsubstituted alkyl, a substituted aryl, and an unsubstituted aryl. Additionally, X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 can be independently selected from the group consisting of: O, S, Se, N—R, and Si—R—R. Lastly, Ar and Ar′ can be identical or different and can be independently selected from the group consisting of: a substituted aryl, and an unsubstituted aryl.

Disclosed are a photoelectric conversion device and an organic sensor and an electronic device including the same. The photoelectric conversion device includes a first and a second electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer between the first and the second electrode and configured to absorb light in at least one portion of a wavelength spectrum and to convert the absorbed light into an electric signal, and a buffer layer between the second electrode and the photoelectric conversion layer and including a mixture of at least two materials. The mixture includes a first and a second material. The first material has an energy bandgap of at least about 3.2 eV and a HOMO energy level of at least about 6.0 eV. The second material has an energy bandgap of less than or equal to about 2.8 eV and a HOMO energy level of at least about 6.0 eV.

A device includes a first substrate, a silicon layer supported by the first substrate, and an active glass layer with a layer including a crystal material with a chemical formula ABX.sub.3 supported by a glass substrate. The active glass layer is stacked on the first substrate such that the layer including the crystal material with a chemical formula ABX.sub.3 and silicon layer are arranged between the first substrate and the glass substrate.

A method of reacting

##STR00001##

with

##STR00002##

to produce

##STR00003##

In this method Y.sub.1 and Y.sub.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of: H, Cl, Br, I, and combinations thereof. Additionally in this method M is selected from the group consisting of H, trialkylstannane, boronate, or ZnX, wherein X is Cl, Br, or I. Furthermore in this method Z is a divalent linking group selected from the group consisting of:

##STR00004##

Lastly, in this method R.sub.1 is selected from: H, unsubstituted or substituted branched alkyls with 1 to 60 carbon atoms or unsubstituted or substituted linear alkyls with 1 to 60 carbon atoms.

The present disclosure may provide semiconductor perovskite layers and method of making thereof. In some cases, the perovskite layer may comprise a composition of MA.sub.n1FA.sub.n2Cs.sub.n3PbX.sub.3. MA may be methylammonium, FA may be formamidinium, n1, n2, and n3 may independently be greater than 0 and less than 1, and n1 + n2 + n3 may equal 1.

Provided is a solar cell including a first electrode, a second electrode, a light-absorbing layer located between the first electrode and the second electrode, and an intermediate layer located between the light-absorbing layer and at least one electrode selected from the group consisting of the first electrode and the second electrode. The light-absorbing layer contains a perovskite compound represented by a chemical formula ASnX.sub.3 (where A is a monovalent cation and X is a halogen anion). The intermediate layer is in contact with the light-absorbing layer. The at least one electrode selected from the group consisting of the first electrode and the second electrode has light-transmissive property. The intermediate layer contains at least one selected from the group consisting of (4-(1′,5′-dihydro-1′-methyl-2′H-[5,6]fullereno-C60-Ih[1,9-c]pyrrol-2′-yl)benzoic acid) and fullerene C60.

A solar cell includes a first electrode, an intermediate layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode in this order. The intermediate layer contains at least one compound A selected from predefined compound group I and at least one compound B selected from predefined compound group II.

Disclosed are a photodiode element, and a sensor and an electronic device including the same. The photodiode element includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and having an absorption spectrum in a first wavelength spectrum, a light-emitting layer between the photoelectric conversion layer and the second electrode and having an emission peak wavelength belonging to the first wavelength spectrum, and a first charge transport layer between the photoelectric conversion layer and the light-emitting layer.

A device, comprising: a flexible carrier; a release layer that is formed on the flexible carrier; a releasable substrate formed over the release layer; and a semiconductor structure that is formed over the releasable substrate.

The present disclosure provides an organic compound represented by general formula [1] below.

##STR00001##

In formula [1], Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 each represent an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, or a heteroaromatic group having 3 to 17 carbon atoms. Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 may be the same or different. Ar.sub.3 and Ar.sub.4 are each a substituent having a carbazolyl group. Ar.sub.3 and Ar.sub.4 may be the same or different. Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.4 may be substituted. At least one of Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.4 has a tert-butyl group. The total number of tert-butyl groups in one molecule of the organic compound is 2 or more.