Methods of micro- and nano-patterning substrates to form transparent conductive electrode structures or polarizers by continuous near-field optical nanolithography methods using a roll-type photomask or phase-shift mask are provided. In such methods, a near-field optical nanolithography technique uses a phase-shift or photo-mask roller that comprises a rigid patterned externally exposed surface that transfers a pattern to an underlying substrate. The roller device may have an internally disposed radiation source that generates radiation that passes through the rigid patterned surface to the substrate during the patterning process. Sub-wavelength resolution is achieved using near-field exposure of photoresist material through the cylindrical rigid phase-mask, allowing dynamic and high throughput continuous patterning.

Disclosed is a method for manufacturing an inverted organic electronic device. The method includes preparing a substrate having a first electrode; depositing a mixture of a cathode interface material and a photo active material onto the first electrode to form a bilayer or composite layer of a cathode interface layer and a photo active layer, followed by forming an anode interface layer on the bilayer or composite layer; and forming a second electrode on the anode interface layer. According to the present invention, it is possible to achieve simplification of a manufacturing process of an inverted organic electronic device and to provide an inverted organic electronic device having excellent performance by forming a cathode interface layer in the form of a uniform and pinhole-free thin film.

In one embodiment, a polymer includes a repeating unit represented by a formula (1) shown below. A weight-average molecular weight of the polymer is in a range of 3000 or more to 1000000 or less. ##STR00001##
R1 indicates a monovalent group selected from hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted hetero-aromatic group. R2, R3, and R4 indicate independently a monovalent group selected from hydrogen, halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted hetero-aromatic group. X, Y, and Z indicate independently an atom selected from O, S, and Se.

The invention relates to novel conjugated polymers containing one or more 5,6-difluoro-benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazole-4,7-diylunits (hereinafter referred to as “FF-BTZ” units) and two or more different bridged bithiophene units, to methods for their preparation and educts or intermediates used therein, to polymer blends, mixtures and formulations containing them, to the use of the polymers, polymer blends, mixtures and formulations as organic semiconductors in, or for the preparation of, organic electronic (OE) devices, especially organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices and organic photodetectors (OPD), and to OE, OPV and OPD devices comprising, or being prepared from, these polymers, polymer blends, mixtures or formulations.

Systems and methods to measure pulse and blood oxygen saturation in tissue using pulse oximetry with an ambient light source. Certain pulse oximeters according to various embodiments advantageously do not require and do not include a light source such as an LED, thereby reducing complexity and reducing power consumption.

An organic compound comprising: ##STR00001## In this organic compound, W is selected from the group consisting of: S, Se, O, and N-Q; and Q is selected from the group consisting of: a straight-chain or branched carbyl, silyl, or hydrocarbyl, a branched or cyclic alkyl with 1 to 30 atoms, a fused substituted aromatic ring, and a fused unsubstituted aromatic ring. Additionally, in this organic compound Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 are independently selected from the group selected from: H, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group.

A compound of formula (I): Each R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is, independently in each occurrence, a substituent. Each R.sup.3-R.sup.10 is, independently in each occurrence, H or a substituent. At least one occurrence of at least one of R.sup.11-R.sup.14 is CN. Each Y is independently O or S. Z.sup.1-Z.sup.4 are each independently a direct bond or Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, Z.sup.3 and/or Z.sup.4 together with, respectively, R.sup.4 or R.sup.5, R.sup.7 or R.sup.8, R.sup.6, or R.sup.9 forms an aromatic or heteroaromatic group. The compound of formula (I) may be provided in an active layer of an organic electronic device, e.g. as an electron acceptor in a bulk heterojunction layer of an organic photodetector. A photosensor may comprise the organic photodetector and a light source, e.g. a near infra-red light source.

##STR00001##

A compound of formula (I): EAG-EDG-EAG (I) wherein EDG is an electron-donating group comprising a polycyclic heteroaromatic group and each EAG is an electron-accepting group of formula (II): (II) wherein R.sup.10 in each occurrence is H or a substituent; ---- is a bond to EDG; and each X.sup.1-X.sup.4 is independently CR.sup.11 or N wherein R.sup.11 in each occurrence is H or a substituent, with the proviso that at least one occurrence of at least one of X.sup.1-X.sup.4 is N. The compound may be used as an acceptor in a bulk heterojunction layer of an organic photodetector.

##STR00001##

Provided herein is a sequentially processed fabrication method involving donor-acceptor conjugated polymers with temperature dependent aggregation (TDA) useful for the preparation of organic semiconductors with improved properties.

The invention provides a method of forming a perovskite film for an optoelectronic device, the method comprising: applying a perovskite precursor solution to at least one part of a hydrophilic region of a substrate, wherein the hydrophilic region is bounded by a hydrophobic boundary; allowing the perovskite precursor solution to spread over the hydrophilic region, wherein the perovskite precursor solution is retained within the hydrophilic region by at least a portion of the hydrophobic boundary; and drying the perovskite precursor solution to form a perovskite film on the hydrophilic region.