Embodiments of the present invention describe electrical potential energy to electrical kinetic energy converters, ozone generators, and light emitters. A system for energy conversion from electrical potential energy to electrical kinetic energy may include a discharge device and a power supply. The power supply can be coupled with the discharge device, and supplies energy to the discharge device to form an initial electric field. The discharge device may further include at least two electrodes that are either mesh electrodes or wire-array electrodes. Furthermore, a space between the at least two electrodes is filled with a gas medium and an electric field is created by the power supply in a normal direction relative to planes formed by the elements of electrodes.

A thermionic dispenser cathode having a refractory metal matrix with scandium and barium compounds in contact with the metal matrix and methods for forming the same. The invention utilizes atomic layer deposition (ALD) to form a nanoscale, uniform, conformal distribution of a scandium compound on tungsten surfaces and further utilizes in situ high pressure consolidation/impregnation to enhance impregnation of a BaOCaOAl.sub.2O.sub.3 based emissive mixture into the scandate-coated tungsten matrix or to sinter a tungsten/scandate/barium composite structure. The result is a tungsten-scandate thermionic cathode having improved emission.

A thermionic dispenser cathode having a refractory metal matrix with scandium and barium compounds in contact with the metal matrix and methods for forming the same. The invention utilizes atomic layer deposition (ALD) to form a nanoscale, uniform, conformal distribution of a scandium compound on tungsten surfaces and further utilizes in situ high pressure consolidation/impregnation to enhance impregnation of a BaOCaOAl.sub.2O.sub.3 based emissive mixture into the scandate-coated tungsten matrix or to sinter a tungsten/scandate/barium composite structure. The result is a tungsten-scandate thermionic cathode having improved emission.

It is an object to provide a tungsten alloy exhibiting characteristics equal to or higher in characteristics than those of a thorium-containing tungsten alloy, without using thorium which is a radioactive material, and a discharge lamp, a transmitting tube, and a magnetron using the tungsten alloy. According to the present invention, a tungsten alloy includes 0.1 to 5 wt % of Zr in terms of ZrC.

It is an object to provide a tungsten alloy exhibiting characteristics equal to or higher in characteristics than those of a thorium-containing tungsten alloy, without using thorium which is a radioactive material, and a discharge lamp, a transmitting tube, and a magnetron using the tungsten alloy. According to the present invention, a tungsten alloy includes 0.1 to 5 wt % of Zr in terms of ZrC.

According to one embodiment, a tungsten alloy includes 0.1 to 5 wt % of Zr in terms of ZrC.

According to one embodiment, a tungsten alloy includes 0.1 to 5 wt % of Zr in terms of ZrC.

A carburized La.sub.2O.sub.3 and Lu.sub.2O.sub.3 co-doped Mo filament cathode is made from lanthanum oxide (La.sub.2O.sub.3) and lutetium oxide (Lu.sub.2O.sub.3) doped molybdenum (Mo) powders, the lanthanum oxide (La.sub.2O.sub.3) and lutetium oxide (Lu.sub.2O.sub.3) doped molybdenum (Mo) powders contain La.sub.2O.sub.3, Lu.sub.2O.sub.3 and Mo with the total concentration of La.sub.2O.sub.3 and Lu.sub.2O.sub.3 being 2.0-5.0 wt. % and the rest being Mo.

An electron emission element (20) includes a first electrode (30a) and a second electrode (40) which are arranged facing each other, an intermediate layer (50) that is provided between the first electrode (30a) and the second electrode (40), and an insulating layer (60) that is formed with a thickness d1 on a substrate (30). A level difference between the insulating layer (60) and the first electrode (30a) is smaller than the thickness d1 of the insulating layer (60).

A carburized La.sub.2O.sub.3 and Lu.sub.2O.sub.3 co-doped Mo filament cathode and its fabrication method, which belongs to the technical field of rare earth-refractory metal cathodes. The rare earth oxides are La.sub.2O.sub.3 and Lu.sub.2O.sub.3, and the total concentration of rare earth oxides ranges from 2.0-5.0 wt. %. The La.sub.2O.sub.3 and Lu.sub.2O.sub.3 co-doped molybdenum oxide powers are prepared by Sol-Gel method. La.sub.2O.sub.3 and Lu.sub.2O.sub.3 co-doped Mo powers are prepared by two calcining steps. Then pressing and sintering the mixed powders to obtain the molybdenum rods; operating mechanical and heat processes of the molybdenum rods to obtain molybdenum filament. Operating electrolytic cleaning, straightening, winding modeling and cutting treatments with Mo filament to obtain the un-carburized La.sub.2O.sub.3 and Lu.sub.2O.sub.3 co-doped Mo cathode. And then carburize the filament cathode at a high temperature for a short time to obtain a cathode with high carburization degree. And then operate the out-gassing treatment and activation treatment with the cathode at a high temperature to obtain an environmental and non-radioactive cathode with good emission current and emission stability.