A sealed high intensity illumination device configured to receive a laser beam from a laser light source and method for making the same are disclosed. The device includes a sealed cylindrical chamber configured to contain an ionizable medium. The chamber has a cylindrical wall, with an ingress and an egress window disposed opposite the ingress window. A tube insert is disposed within the chamber formed of an insulating material. The insert is configured to receive the laser beam within the insert inner diameter.

An electrode module includes an electrode and a core wire inserted into a core wire insertion hole of the electrode. When inserting the core wire into the core wire insertion hole of the electrode, the core wire can be inserted smoothly, thereby avoiding occurrence of chipping or cracking in the core wire insertion hole. A low-friction layer is provided on the inner surface of the core wire insertion hole of the electrode and/or the outer periphery of the inserted portion of the core wire.

It is an object to provide a tungsten alloy exhibiting characteristics equal to or higher in characteristics than those of a thorium-containing tungsten alloy, without using thorium which is a radioactive material, and a discharge lamp, a transmitting tube, and a magnetron using the tungsten alloy. According to the present invention, a tungsten alloy includes 0.1 to 5 wt % of Zr in terms of ZrC.

Described is dynamic control of the temperature of the envelope of an HID lamp in order to stabilize the output color temperature of the lamp. As the lamp power is changed, or environmental factors alter the lamp envelope temperature, the system senses these changes and adjusts the lamp cooling systems so as to move the lamp envelope temperature back to the desired point.

Described is dynamic control of the temperature of the envelope of an HID lamp in order to stabilize the output color temperature of the lamp. As the lamp power is changed, or environmental factors alter the lamp envelope temperature, the system senses these changes and adjusts the lamp cooling systems so as to move the lamp envelope temperature back to the desired point.

According to one embodiment, a tungsten alloy includes 0.1 to 5 wt % of Zr in terms of ZrC.

Sulfur arc lamp includes an arc chamber that has a cathode and an anode both made of refractory metals that include pure tungsten, pure molybdenum, tungsten alloy, molybdenum alloy or a composite in which tungsten is at least 90%, or a composite in which molybdenum is at least 90%; a plasma initiation gas filling the plasma chamber; power supply configured to switch on and off electric arc discharge between the cathode and anode; second chamber connected to the arc chamber for releasing sulfur vapor into the plasma arc chamber, thereby creating a sulfur-containing plasma gas when the discharge occurs, and configured to selectively remove the sulfur vapor from the sulfur-containing plasma gas when the discharge occurs, wherein the second chamber is configured to reduce a concentration of the sulfur vapor in the arc chamber below 10.sup.13 molecules per cm.sup.3 before the electric arc discharge is off.

A sulfur plasma lamp has a lamp envelope of transparent or translucent glass or ceramic material. At least two silicon carbide electrodes are hermetically sealed with the lamp envelope and in contact with an interior of the lamp envelope. A quantity of sulfur within the interior of the lamp envelope is sufficient to create a sulfur plasma upon excitation. A buffer gas within the interior of the lamp envelope enables initial discharge and heating of the interior of the lamp envelope to excite the sulfur into a plasma state. More than two electrodes may be provided, and an electrical potential is created between different pairs of the electrodes at different times, thereby inducing stirring of the plasma upon excitation of the material into a plasma state.

The preferred embodiments are directed to discloses a metal halide high-pressure discharge lamp comprising a burner which is enclosed by an outer bulb. In the outer bulb samarium is provided.

A discharge lamp drive device includes a discharge lamp driver configured to supply drive electric current to a discharge lamp having a first electrode and a second electrode, a control unit configured to control the discharge lamp driver, and a storage unit configured to store a plurality of drive patterns of the drive electric current. The control unit is configured to select one drive pattern from among the plurality of drive patterns based on machine learning, and implement the selected drive pattern. The control unit performs a first control that increases a drive electric power supplied to the discharge lamp according to an increase in an inter-electrode voltage of the discharge lamp, in a case where the inter-electrode voltage is equal to or larger than a first voltage value and the inter-electrode voltage is equal to or lower than a second voltage value higher than the first voltage value.