A lithium battery includes an anode, a cathode, and a protective film disposed on at least one of the anode and the cathode, in which the protective film includes a compound including: i) at least one element selected from a Group 13 element, a Group 14 element, a Group 15 element, and a first Group 16 element; and ii) a second Group 16 element, in which the first Group 16 element is different from the second Group 16 element.

Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to electrode coatings and methods of coating electrodes. In an embodiment, a method of depositing a structure on a lithium ion battery (LIB) anode is provided. The method includes accelerating particles in a working gas through a convergent-divergent nozzle to a process velocity that is from a critical velocity of the particles to an erosion velocity of the LIB anode, the particles comprising a metal and/or a Group III-VI element; heating or cooling the particles in the working gas at a softening temperature; ejecting the particles in the working gas from a nozzle outlet of the convergent-divergent nozzle, the particles ejected at the process velocity, wherein at least a portion of the particles are in solid phase when ejected from the convergent-divergent nozzle; and depositing a first structure on the LIB anode, the first structure comprising the metal and/or the Group III-VI element.

Certain embodiments of the invention relate to the design of three-dimensional battery cells and their incorporation into battery modules and battery packs. The present invention may be particularly advantageous when incorporated into large battery packs, for example, those used in electric vehicles. The unique architecture of the battery cells of certain embodiments of the invention provides improved thermal performance with significant impact on cycle and calendar life when incorporated into a battery pack. Substantially higher pack energy density for a given cell energy density is provided when compared to a conventional cell. Battery cells can be strung together to form modules and packs with whatever series/parallel arrangement required for a particular application. Cooling, if needed, can be incorporated at the module level rather than the individual die level, as is the case with conventional architectures, dramatically reducing the cost of the system.

A battery electrode composition is provided that comprises a composite material comprising one or more nanocomposites. The nanocomposites may each comprise a planar substrate backbone having a curved geometrical structure, and an active material forming a continuous or substantially continuous film at least partially encasing the substrate backbone. To form an electrode from the electrode composition, a plurality of electrically-interconnected nanocomposites of this type may be aggregated into one or more three-dimensional agglomerations, such as substantially spherical or ellipsoidal granules.

A method of fabricating an electrochemical device in an apparatus may comprise: providing an electrochemical device substrate; depositing a device layer over the substrate; applying electromagnetic radiation to the device layer in situ to effect one or more of surface restructuring, recrystallization and densification of the device layer; repeating the depositing and the applying until a desired device layer thickness is achieved. Furthermore, the applying may be during the depositing. A thin film battery may comprise: a substrate; a current collector on the substrate; a cathode layer on the current collector; an electrolyte layer on the cathode layer; and a lithium anode layer on the electrolyte layer; wherein the LLZO electrolyte layer has a crystalline phase, no shorts due to cracks in the LLZO electrolyte layer, and no highly resistive interlayer at the interface between the electrolyte layer and the cathode layer.

A battery including a first electrode layer, a solid electrolyte layer on the first electrode layer, a second electrode layer which is located on the solid electrolyte layer and which is a counter electrode layer of the first electrode layer, and a space portion, wherein a first thickness portion is located on the first active material layer, the second thickness portion is located on the first electrode layer, the second active material layer is located at a position which faces the first thickness portion and which does not face the first active material layer via the second thickness portion, the second collector extends to the position facing the second thickness portion and a region provided with the second active material layer, the second thickness portion is in contact with the second electrode layer, and the space portion is surrounded by the second electrode layer and the second thickness portion.

The present invention relates to apparatus, compositions and methods of fabricating high performance thin-film batteries on metallic substrates, polymeric substrates, or doped or undoped silicon substrates by fabricating an appropriate barrier layer composed, for example, of barrier sublayers between the substrate and the battery part of the present invention thereby separating these two parts chemically during the entire battery fabrication process as well as during any operation and storage of the electrochemical apparatus during its entire lifetime. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention thin-film batteries fabricated onto a thin, flexible stainless steel foil substrate using an appropriate barrier layer that is composed of barrier sublayers have uncompromised electrochemical performance compared to thin-film batteries fabricated onto ceramic substrates when using a 700° C. post-deposition anneal process for a LiCoO.sub.2 positive cathode.

An active material for an electrochemical device wherein a surface of the active material is modified by a surface modification agent, wherein the surface modification agent is an organometallic compound.

A thin film battery may include a substrate; with a cathode current collector layer an anode current collector layer, a cathode layer, an electrolyte layer, and an anode layer, wherein a portion of an anode contact area of the anode current collector is not covered by the anode layer, and wherein an electrically insulating buffer area in the electrolyte layer, for electrically isolating the laser cut edge of the cathode layer adjacent to the contact area of the cathode current collector from the laser cut edge of the anode layer, is not covered by the anode layer, the electrically insulating buffer area being between the contact area of the cathode current collector layer and the anode layer, Methods and apparatus for forming thin film batteries are also described herein.

A positive current collector, a positive electrode plate, a secondary battery, and an apparatus, the positive current collector comprising a support layer, provided with two opposing surfaces in the thickness direction thereof, and a conductive layer arranged on at least one of the two surfaces of the support layer, wherein the conductive layer has a thickness Di satisfying 300 nm≤D.sub.1≤2 μm; and when the positive current collector has a the tensile strain of 1.5%, the conductive layer has a sheet resistance growth rate of T≤30%. The positive current collector has higher safety performance and meanwhile higher electrical performance, and thus a positive electrode plate and a secondary battery adopting the positive current collector could have higher safety performance and meanwhile higher electro-chemical performance.