Provided are a porous metal body that is excellent in terms of corrosion resistance and that is suitable for a collector for batteries such as lithium-ion batteries, capacitors, or fuel cells; and methods for producing the porous metal body. A production method includes a step of coating a porous nickel body with an alloy containing at least nickel and tungsten or a metal containing at least tin; and a subsequent step of a heat treatment. Another production method includes a step of forming a nickel-plated layer on a porous base and then continuously forming an alloy-plated layer containing at least nickel and tungsten or tin, a step of removing the porous base, and a step of reducing metal. Such a method can provide a porous metal body in which tungsten or tin is diffused in a porous nickel body or a nickel-plated layer.

Provided are an electrolytic copper foil, an electrode comprising the same, and a lithium-ion battery comprising the same. The electrolytic copper foil comprises a drum side and a deposited side opposite each other. The drum side and the deposited side each have a Kurtosis (Sku) in a range of 1.8 to 6.4, a developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr) in a range of 0.06% to 13%, and a texture aspect ratio (Str) in a range of 0.1 to 1. With the surface morphology, the electrolytic copper foil has an improved adhesion strength with the active material, and thus improving the charge-discharge cycle life performance of the lithium-ion secondary battery.

Surface-treated copper foils that exhibit a material volume (Vm) less than 1.90 m.sup.3/m.sup.2. Where the surface-treated copper foil is treated on the drum side and includes a treatment layer comprising a nodule layer. Such surface-treated copper foils can be used as a conductive material having low transmission loss, for example in circuit boards.

Surface-treated copper foils that exhibit a material volume (Vm) in a range of 0.05 to 0.6 m.sup.3/m.sup.2 and a yellowness index (YI) in a range of 17 to 52 are reported. Where the surface-treated copper foil is treated on the deposited side and includes a treatment layer comprising a nodule layer. Such surface-treated copper foils can be used as a conductive material having low transmission loss, for example in circuit boards.

A solid electrolyte interface is grown on a silicon monoxide electrode in a battery cell, including by charging the battery cell up to a first voltage while the battery cell is uncompressed in order to partially grow the solid electrolyte interface. After partially growing the partial solid electrolyte interface, the battery cell is rested. After resting the battery cell, the battery cell is charged to a second, higher voltage while the battery cell is compressed in order to further grow the partially grown solid electrolyte interface. After the solid electrolyte interface is grown on the silicon monoxide electrode, the battery cell is charged for one or more cycles while the battery cell is compressed.

Surface-treated copper foils comprising an electrodeposited copper foil including a drum side and a deposited side are reported. The treatment layer is disposed on one of the drum side and the deposited side and provides a surface-treated side. The treatment layer comprises a nodule layer and the surface-treated side exhibits a void volume (Vv) in a range of 0.1 to 0.9 m.sup.3/m.sup.2. The surface-treated copper foil also has a combined hydrogen and oxygen content of less than or equal to 300 ppm.

Surface-treated copper foils exhibiting a void volume (Vv) in a range of 0.4 to 2.2 m.sup.3/m.sup.2 and an arithmetic mean waviness (Wa) lower than or equal to 0.4 m are reported. Where the surface-treated copper foil is treated on the drum side and includes a treatment layer comprising a nodule layer. Such surface-treated copper foils can be used as a conductive material having low transmission loss, for example in circuit boards.

Surface-treated copper foils that exhibit a material volume (Vm) less than 1.90 m.sup.3/m.sup.2. Where the surface-treated copper foil is treated on the drum side and includes a treatment layer comprising a nodule layer. Such surface-treated copper foils can be used as a conductive material having low transmission loss, for example in circuit boards.

Surface-treated copper foils that exhibit a material volume (Vm) in a range of 0.05 to 0.6 m.sup.3/m.sup.2 and a yellowness index (YI) in a range of 17 to 52 are reported. Where the surface-treated copper foil is treated on the deposited side and includes a treatment layer comprising a nodule layer. Such surface-treated copper foils can be used as a conductive material having low transmission loss, for example in circuit boards.

A process is provided comprising submerging a substrate in an electrochemical deposit bath having at least a metal salt and saccharin. In embodiments, the film is further treated with anodization, and in other cases chemical vapor deposition. Films are also provided formed by the disclosed processes. The films are nanoporous on at least a portion of a surface of the films. Also disclosed are electronic devices having the films disclosed, including lithium-ion batteries, storage devices, supercapacitors, electrodes, semiconductors, fuel cells, and/or combinations thereof.