Presented here are nanocomposites and electrochemical storage systems (e.g., rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors), which are resistant to thermal runaway and are safe, reliable, and stable electrode materials for electrochemical storage systems (e.g., rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors) operated at high temperature and high pressure, and methods of making the same.

The present invention relates to a rechargeable electrochemical battery cell having a housing, a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, the electrolyte containing sulfur dioxide and a conductive salt of the active metal of the cell. The total quantity of oxygen-containing compounds contained in the cell that are able to react with the sulfur dioxide, reducing the sulfur dioxide, is not more than 10 mMol per Ah theoretical capacitance of the cell.

The present invention relates to a rechargeable electrochemical battery cell having a housing, a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, the electrolyte containing sulfur dioxide and a conductive salt of the active metal of the cell. The total quantity of oxygen-containing compounds contained in the cell that are able to react with the sulfur dioxide, reducing the sulfur dioxide, is not more than 10 mMol per Ah theoretical capacitance of the cell.

A composite anode active material includes a first core and a coating layer on the first core, in which the coating layer includes an ion-conductive polymer and the amount of the ion-conductive polymer is from about 0.0001 wt % to about 0.04 wt % based on a total weight of the composite anode active material. A lithium battery including the composite anode active material may have improved thickness expansion rate, and enhanced initial efficiency and lifespan characteristics.

A composite anode active material includes a first core and a coating layer on the first core, in which the coating layer includes an ion-conductive polymer and the amount of the ion-conductive polymer is from about 0.0001 wt % to about 0.04 wt % based on a total weight of the composite anode active material. A lithium battery including the composite anode active material may have improved thickness expansion rate, and enhanced initial efficiency and lifespan characteristics.

A rechargeable battery is disclosed. The rechargeable battery includes an anode, a cathode including a lithium-ion intercalation host, and an electrolyte including a solvent and a halogen-containing compounding that functions as an active cathode conversion material, wherein the electrolyte is in contact with the anode and the cathode.

A rechargeable battery is disclosed. The rechargeable battery includes an anode, a cathode including a lithium-ion intercalation host, and an electrolyte including a solvent and a halogen-containing compounding that functions as an active cathode conversion material, wherein the electrolyte is in contact with the anode and the cathode.

A lithium battery with an improved cathode. The cathode comprises the epsilon polymorph of vanadyl phosphate, -VOPO.sub.4, made from solvothermally synthesized H.sub.2VOPO.sub.4, and optimized to reversibly intercalate two Li-ions to reach full theoretical capacity with a coulombic efficiency of 98%. This material adopts a stable 3D tunnel structure and can extract two Li-ions per vanadium ion, giving a theoretical capacity of 305 mAh/g, with an upper charge/discharge plateau at around 4.0 V, and one lower at around 2.5 V The -VOPO4 particles may be modified with niobium (Nb) to improve the cycling stability.

A lithium battery with an improved cathode. The cathode comprises the epsilon polymorph of vanadyl phosphate, -VOPO.sub.4, made from solvothermally synthesized H.sub.2VOPO.sub.4, and optimized to reversibly intercalate two Li-ions to reach full theoretical capacity with a coulombic efficiency of 98%. This material adopts a stable 3D tunnel structure and can extract two Li-ions per vanadium ion, giving a theoretical capacity of 305 mAh/g, with an upper charge/discharge plateau at around 4.0 V, and one lower at around 2.5 V The -VOPO4 particles may be modified with niobium (Nb) to improve the cycling stability.

A lithium battery with a cathode fabricated using an improved method for slurry formulation and electrode production. The cathode comprises the epsilon polymorph of vanadyl phosphate, -VOPO.sub.4, made from solvothermally synthesized H.sub.2VOPO.sub.4, and optimized to reversibly intercalate two Li-ions to reach full theoretical capacity with a coulombic efficiency of 98%. This material adopts a stable 3D tunnel structure and can extract two Li-ions per vanadium ion, giving a theoretical capacity of 305 mAh/g, with an upper charge/discharge plateau at around 4.0 V, and one lower at around 2.5 V. The -VOPO4 particles may be modified with niobium (Nb) to improve the cycling stability.