An immobilized selenium body, made from carbon and selenium and optionally sulfur, makes selenium more stable, requiring a higher temperature or an increase in kinetic energy for selenium to escape from the immobilized selenium body and enter a gas system, as compared to selenium alone. Immobilized selenium localized in a carbon skeleton can be utilized in a rechargeable battery. Immobilization of the selenium can impart compression stress on both the carbon skeleton and the selenium. Such compression stress enhances the electrical conductivity in the carbon skeleton and among the selenium particles and creates an interface for electrons to be delivered and or harvested in use of the battery. A rechargeable battery made from immobilized selenium can be charged or discharged at a faster rate over conventional batteries and can demonstrate excellent cycling stability.

In some embodiments, a lithium ion battery includes a first substrate, a cathode, a second substrate, an anode, and an electrolyte. The cathode is arranged on the first substrate and can contain a cathode mixture including Li.sub.xS.sub.y, wherein x is from 0 to 2 and y is from 1 to 8, and a first particulate carbon. The anode is arranged on the second substrate and can contain an anode mixture containing silicon particles, and a second particulate carbon. The electrolyte can contain a solvent and a lithium salt, and is arranged between the cathode and the anode. In some embodiments, the first particulate carbon or the second particulate carbon contains carbon aggregates comprising a plurality of carbon nanoparticles, each carbon nanoparticle comprising graphene. In some embodiments, the particulate carbon contains carbon meta particles with mesoporous structures.

In some embodiments, a lithium ion battery includes a first substrate, a cathode, a second substrate, an anode, and an electrolyte. The cathode is arranged on the first substrate and can contain a cathode mixture including Li.sub.xS.sub.y, wherein x is from 0 to 2 and y is from 1 to 8, and a first particulate carbon. The anode is arranged on the second substrate and can contain an anode mixture containing silicon particles, and a second particulate carbon. The electrolyte can contain a solvent and a lithium salt, and is arranged between the cathode and the anode. In some embodiments, the first particulate carbon or the second particulate carbon contains carbon aggregates comprising a plurality of carbon nanoparticles, each carbon nanoparticle comprising graphene. In some embodiments, the particulate carbon contains carbon meta particles with mesoporous structures.

An electrode for an electrochemical energy accumulator includes a catalyst layer, where the catalyst layer includes an electrically conductive matrix and a chemically active material which is intercalated into the electrically conductive matrix. A protective coating is disposed on the catalyst layer, where the protective coating includes at least one metal oxide and methionine.

A solid electrolyte composition includes: an inorganic solid electrolyte; binder particles having an average particle size of 1 nm to 10 m; and a dispersion medium, in which the binder particles include a polymer that includes a component derived from a polymerizable compound having a molecular weight of lower than 1,000, and the component includes at least one of an aliphatic hydrocarbon chain to which 10 or more carbon atoms are bonded or a siloxane structure as a side chain of the polymer. The solid electrolyte composition is used in the sheet for an all-solid state secondary battery, the electrode sheet for an all-solid state secondary battery, the all-solid state secondary battery, the method of manufacturing a sheet for an all-solid state secondary battery, and the method of manufacturing an all-solid state secondary battery.

A solid electrolyte composition includes: an inorganic solid electrolyte; binder particles having an average particle size of 1 nm to 10 m; and a dispersion medium, in which the binder particles include a polymer that includes a component derived from a polymerizable compound having a molecular weight of lower than 1,000, and the component includes at least one of an aliphatic hydrocarbon chain to which 10 or more carbon atoms are bonded or a siloxane structure as a side chain of the polymer. The solid electrolyte composition is used in the sheet for an all-solid state secondary battery, the electrode sheet for an all-solid state secondary battery, the all-solid state secondary battery, the method of manufacturing a sheet for an all-solid state secondary battery, and the method of manufacturing an all-solid state secondary battery.

An aspect of the present disclosure is a system that includes a first deposition system that includes a first cylinder having a first outer surface configured to hold a first substrate, a first spray nozzle configured to receive at least a first fluid, and a first fiber nozzle configured to receive at least a second fluid, where the first spray nozzle is configured to operate at a first voltage, the first fiber nozzle is configured to operate at a second voltage, the first cylinder is configured to be electrically connected to ground, the first spray nozzle is configured to apply onto the substrate a first plurality of at least one of particles or droplets from the first fluid, the first fiber nozzle is configured to apply onto the substrate a first fiber from the second fluid, and the first plurality of particles or droplets and the first fiber combine to form a first composite layer on the substrate.

An anode for a fluoride ion electrochemical cell is provided and includes a layered material of hard carbon, nitrogen doped graphite, boron doped graphite, TiS.sub.2, MoS.sub.2, TiSe.sub.2, MoSe.sub.2, VS.sub.2, VSe.sub.2, electrides of alkali earth metal nitrides, electrides of metal carbides, or combinations thereof. The anode may be included in a fluoride ion electrochemical cell, which additionally includes a cathode and a fluoride ion electrolyte arranged between the cathode and the anode. At least one of the cathode and the anode reversibly exchange the fluoride ions with the electrolyte during charging or discharging of the electrochemical cell.

An anode for a fluoride ion electrochemical cell is provided and includes a layered material of hard carbon, nitrogen doped graphite, boron doped graphite, TiS.sub.2, MoS.sub.2, TiSe.sub.2, MoSe.sub.2, VS.sub.2, VSe.sub.2, electrides of alkali earth metal nitrides, electrides of metal carbides, or combinations thereof. The anode may be included in a fluoride ion electrochemical cell, which additionally includes a cathode and a fluoride ion electrolyte arranged between the cathode and the anode. At least one of the cathode and the anode reversibly exchange the fluoride ions with the electrolyte during charging or discharging of the electrochemical cell.

A sulfur-carbon composite including a carbon-based material of which surface is modified by acid treatment is provided, as well as a method for preparing the same, and a lithium-sulfur battery including the same. A sulfur-carbon composite suppresses polysulfide elution when used as a positive electrode active material of a lithium-sulfur battery by including a carbon-based material of which surface is modified to have a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group capable of adsorbing polysulfide on the surface. Accordingly, capacity property and life time property of the battery may be enhanced. In addition, a surface of the carbon-based material can be modified using a simple process of treating with a mixed solution of nitric acid and sulfuric acid, and a content of functional groups on the surface can be controlled depending on a mixing ratio of the nitric acid and the sulfuric acid.