A method for making a sulfur based cathode composite material is disclosed. Polyacrylonitrile and elemental sulfur are dissolved together in a first solvent to form a first solution. An electrically conductive carbonaceous material is added to the first solution to mix with the polyacrylonitrile and the elemental sulfur. An environment in which the polyacrylonitrile and the elemental sulfur are located in is changed to reduce a solubility of the polyacrylonitrile and the elemental sulfur in a changed environment to simultaneously precipitate the polyacrylonitrile and the elemental sulfur, thereby forming a precipitate having the electrically conductive carbonaceous material. The precipitate is heated to chemically react the polyacrylonitrile with the elemental sulfur. A sulfur based cathode composite material is also disclosed.

A negative electrode includes a metal substrate and a polymeric single-ion conductor coating formed on a surface of the metal substrate. The metal substrate is selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, and zinc. The polymeric single-ion conductor coating is formed of i) a metal salt of a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer copolymer or ii) a polymeric metal salt having an initial polymeric backbone and pendent metal salt groups attached to the initial polymeric backbone.

A negative electrode includes a metal substrate and a polymeric single-ion conductor coating formed on a surface of the metal substrate. The metal substrate is selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, and zinc. The polymeric single-ion conductor coating is formed of i) a metal salt of a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer copolymer or ii) a polymeric metal salt having an initial polymeric backbone and pendent metal salt groups attached to the initial polymeric backbone.

Disclosed are a method for manufacturing an electrode including mixing at least two electrode materials selected from a carbon material, a metal oxide precursor, and a conductive polymer with a solvent to prepare a mixture, coating the mixture on a current collector, and radiating IPL (intense pulsed light) on the mixture coated on the current collector, the electrode manufactured according to the method, and a supercapacitor and rechargeable lithium battery including the electrode.

Described are a composition at least comprising complexes of polythiophene and polyanions, at least one lithium-containing compound, and at least one solvent, wherein the composition comprises less than 1 g of a material comprising elemental carbon, based on 1 g of the polythiophenes, or comprises no material at all comprising elemental carbon, and a process for the preparation of a composition, the composition obtainable by this process, the use of a composition and a cathode in an Li ion accumulator.

Described are a composition at least comprising complexes of polythiophene and polyanions, at least one lithium-containing compound, and at least one solvent, wherein the composition comprises less than 1 g of a material comprising elemental carbon, based on 1 g of the polythiophenes, or comprises no material at all comprising elemental carbon, and a process for the preparation of a composition, the composition obtainable by this process, the use of a composition and a cathode in an Li ion accumulator.

A process can be used to produce a charge storage unit, especially a secondary battery, the electrodes of which contain an organic redox-active polymer, and which includes a polymeric solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte is obtained by polymerizing from mixtures of acrylates with methacrylates in the presence of at least one ionic liquid, which imparts advantageous properties to the charge storage unit.

A method for producing nano-composites comprising graphitic carbon nitride reduced to nano size, having high electrical conductivity is provided. The method includes the steps of: producing graphitic carbon nitride (g-C.sub.3N.sub.4) having a chemical formula (C.sub.3N.sub.4).sub.m, applying an obtained g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 powder via an ultrasonic homogenization method on concentrations, obtaining a nano g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 suspension, wherein a size of the nano g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 suspension changes between 10-100 nm as a result of applying the ultrasonic homogenization method, obtaining polyaniline with a chemical formula (C.sub.6H.sub.7N).sub.n in an emeraldine salt form, obtaining a nano-composite, mixing in aniline or aniline-HCl water at concentrations of 0.1-1 mol/L, adding a nano graphitic carbon (nano g-C.sub.3N.sub.4) into a mixture and mixing between 10-60 minutes, carrying out a polymerization process by adding an oxidant to the mixture and obtaining the nano composite having the high electrical conductivity.

A working electrode for a subcutaneous sensor for use with a continuous biological monitor for a patient is disclosed. The working electrode includes a conductive substrate and a carbon-enzyme layer on the conductive substrate. The carbon-enzyme layer includes a polyurethane or silicone crosslinked with an acrylic polyol, and an enzyme fully entrapped by the polyurethane or silicone crosslinked with the acrylic polyol. The enzyme is selected according to a biological function to be monitored. The carbon-enzyme layer also includes a carbon material. The carbon-enzyme layer is electrically conductive and facilitates a generation of either peroxide or electrons within the carbon-enzyme layer responsive to reacting the enzyme with a target biologic from blood of the patient.

A working electrode for a subcutaneous sensor for use with a continuous biological monitor for a patient is disclosed. The working electrode includes a conductive substrate and a carbon-enzyme layer on the conductive substrate. The carbon-enzyme layer includes a polyurethane or silicone crosslinked with an acrylic polyol, and an enzyme fully entrapped by the polyurethane or silicone crosslinked with the acrylic polyol. The enzyme is selected according to a biological function to be monitored. The carbon-enzyme layer also includes a carbon material. The carbon-enzyme layer is electrically conductive and facilitates a generation of either peroxide or electrons within the carbon-enzyme layer responsive to reacting the enzyme with a target biologic from blood of the patient.