Articles and methods involving pasting papers and/or capacitance layers are generally provided. The pasting paper may comprise a capacitance layer, and/or a stand-alone capacitance layer may be provided. In some embodiments, a pasting paper may comprise a plurality of cellulose fibers, a plurality of multicomponent fibers, and a plurality of glass fibers. In some embodiments, a pasting paper may comprise a plurality of conductive species, a plurality of capacitive species, and/or a plurality of inorganic particles. In some embodiments, a pasting paper may be disposed on a battery paste, such as a battery paste for use in a lead-acid battery. In some cases, forming a battery plate may comprise disposing a pasting paper on a battery paste. In some cases, a lead-acid battery may be assembled by assembling a first battery plate comprising a pasting paper with a separator and a second battery plate.

Apparatus and techniques described herein can be used to provide a bipolar battery plate with lower resistance as compared to other approaches. In an example, a bipolar plate comprises a conductive current collector substrate with lead-containing surfaces on both sides, onto which active materials are applied. Interfaces with low contact resistance can be created between the active materials and the current collector substrate by a combination of mechanical, thermochemical, and electrochemical techniques. Specifically, the present subject matter can include a bipolar plate fabricated by applying wet, (e.g., uncured) active materials to the current collector, and performing a curing procedure such that a corrosion layer with low contact resistance is formed between the active materials and the underlying surfaces of the current collector.

Apparatus and techniques described herein can be used to provide a bipolar battery plate with lower resistance as compared to other approaches. In an example, a bipolar plate comprises a conductive current collector substrate with lead-containing surfaces on both sides, onto which active materials are applied. Interfaces with low contact resistance can be created between the active materials and the current collector substrate by a combination of mechanical, thermochemical, and electrochemical techniques. Specifically, the present subject matter can include a bipolar plate fabricated by applying wet, (e.g., uncured) active materials to the current collector, and performing a curing procedure such that a corrosion layer with low contact resistance is formed between the active materials and the underlying surfaces of the current collector.

Described herein is crystalline PbSO.sub.4 comprising tabular and/or diamond-shaped crystals having an average crystal size, as determined by dynamic light scattering and particle imaging using a transmission electron microscope, in the range of about 10 nm to about 2 ?m, wherein at least about 80% of the PbSO.sub.4 crystals have diameters within about ?20% of the average diameter. Also described herein electrodes, lead-acid electrochemical cells, and lead-acid batteries comprising the crystalline PbSO.sub.4.

A battery paste application tooling assembly includes a hopper, a connector assembly, and a clamp assembly. The battery paste application tooling assembly can be equipped in a pasting machine. The hopper receives battery paste material. The hopper has an orifice plate with an orifice therein. The connector assembly is engageable with the orifice plate and disengageable therefrom. The clamp assembly is movable between a first position and a second position. In the first position, the clamp assembly releasable secures the orifice plate to the hopper. In the second position, the clamp assembly permits removal of the orifice plate from the hopper.

A battery paste application tooling assembly includes a hopper, a connector assembly, and a clamp assembly. The battery paste application tooling assembly can be equipped in a pasting machine. The hopper receives battery paste material. The hopper has an orifice plate with an orifice therein. The connector assembly is engageable with the orifice plate and disengageable therefrom. The clamp assembly is movable between a first position and a second position. In the first position, the clamp assembly releasable secures the orifice plate to the hopper. In the second position, the clamp assembly permits removal of the orifice plate from the hopper.

A lead acid battery is provided. The battery includes a container and a plurality of electrochemical cells within the container. The electrochemical cells have a plurality of flat positive plates each composed of a grid formed of virgin lead or high purity lead or highly purified secondary lead and a positive battery paste disposed on the grid, the battery paste comprising a lead-containing composition, a positive plate paste vehicle, and a polyvinylsulfonate additive. The electrochemical cells also have a plurality of flat negative plates each composed of a grid and a negative battery paste disposed on the grid, the battery paste comprising a lead-containing composition and a negative plate paste vehicle. An absorbent glass mat is interleaved between the flat positive plate and the flat negative plate. An electrolyte is provided in the container and retained in the absorbent glass mat. The electrolyte includes phosphoric acid. The plurality of flat positive plates and the plurality of flat negative plates are connected by intercell connectors and coupled to one or more terminals. A lid is provided on the container.

A lead acid battery is provided. The battery includes a container and a plurality of electrochemical cells within the container. The electrochemical cells have a plurality of flat positive plates each composed of a grid formed of virgin lead or high purity lead or highly purified secondary lead and a positive battery paste disposed on the grid, the battery paste comprising a lead-containing composition, a positive plate paste vehicle, and a polyvinylsulfonate additive. The electrochemical cells also have a plurality of flat negative plates each composed of a grid and a negative battery paste disposed on the grid, the battery paste comprising a lead-containing composition and a negative plate paste vehicle. An absorbent glass mat is interleaved between the flat positive plate and the flat negative plate. An electrolyte is provided in the container and retained in the absorbent glass mat. The electrolyte includes phosphoric acid. The plurality of flat positive plates and the plurality of flat negative plates are connected by intercell connectors and coupled to one or more terminals. A lid is provided on the container.

An electrochemical device includes first and second spaced-apart electrodes. The first electrode is configured for redox reactions with a liquid electrolyte solution and the second electrode is configured for redox reactions with each of a gaseous reductant and a gaseous oxidant. An electrolyte separator is arranged between the electrodes.

An electrochemical device includes first and second spaced-apart electrodes. The first electrode is configured for redox reactions with a liquid electrolyte solution and the second electrode is configured for redox reactions with each of a gaseous reductant and a gaseous oxidant. An electrolyte separator is arranged between the electrodes.