Methods for forming polymeric protective layers on magnesium anodes for magnesium batteries include placing a solution of electropolymerizable monomers onto all exposed surfaces of a magnesium anode, and electropolymerizing the monomers in the solution. The monomers can be glycidyl methacrylate, a salt of 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate, or a mixture of the two. Protected magnesium foam anodes for 3-D magnesium batteries have a magnesium foam electrolyte, and a polymeric coating covering all exposed surfaces of the magnesium foam electrolyte. The polymeric protective coating formed of (poly)glycidyl methacrylate, poly(3-sulfopropyl methacrylate), or a copolymer of the two.

Calcium ion batteries are provided. The calcium ion batteries include a cathode, an alloying anode composed of one or more intermetallic calcium compounds in electrical communication with the cathode; and an electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode. The intermetallic calcium compounds are intermetallic compounds of calcium and transition metals and metalloids.

Provided herein are energy storage devices. In some cases, the energy storage devices are capable of being transported on a vehicle and storing a large amount of energy. An energy storage device is provided comprising at least one liquid metal electrode, an energy storage capacity of at least about 1 MWh and a response time less than or equal to about 100 milliseconds (ms).

An electricity storage device includes a positive electrode containing a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode containing a negative electrode active material, and an electrolyte that includes an organic crystal layer including a layered structure and an organic solvent introduced into the organic crystal layer and that is interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode to conduct alkali metal ions. The layered structure includes an organic backbone layer containing an aromatic dicarboxylic acid anion having an aromatic ring structure, and an alkali metal element layer containing an alkali metal element that is coordinated with oxygen contained in a carboxylic acid of the organic backbone layer to form a framework. At least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode adsorbs and desorbs the ions to store and release electric charge.

The invention relates to an anode for a Li-ion rechargeable battery, said anode being covered with a protective film based on fluorinated copolymer(s). The invention also relates to the processes for preparing this anode. The invention also relates to a Li-ion rechargeable battery comprising an anode according to the invention. The invention lastly relates to the use of fluorinated copolymer(s) as film for covering an anode for a lithium-ion battery comprising a negative electrode active material.

Provided herein are energy storage devices. In some cases, the energy storage devices are capable of being transported on a vehicle and storing a large amount of energy. An energy storage device is provided comprising at least one liquid metal electrode, an energy storage capacity of at least about 1 MWh and a response time less than or equal to about 100 milliseconds (ms).

Provided herein are energy storage devices. In some cases, the energy storage devices are capable of being transported on a vehicle and storing a large amount of energy. An energy storage device is provided comprising at least one liquid metal electrode, an energy storage capacity of at least about 1 MWh and a response time less than or equal to about 100 milliseconds (ms).

An embodiment anode for an all-solid-state battery includes an anode current collector, and a coating layer disposed on the anode current collector, wherein the coating layer is a thin film including at least one metal selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metals, Group 4 to 9 transition metals, Group 13 metals, or combinations thereof.

Provided is a magnesium-sulfur secondary battery including a positive electrode that includes a carbon material layer and a laminated structure of a positive electrode active material layer including sulfur or a sulfur compound; an electrolyte layer; and a negative electrode. In the magnesium-sulfur secondary battery, the positive electrode active material layer, the carbon material layer, and the electrolyte layer are provided in this order, and the positive electrode active material layer and the carbon material layer are in contact with each other.

Solid-state electrochemical cells including a solid-state electrolyte, where the solid-state electrolyte includes one or more dendrites formed on and/or in the solid-state electrolyte material. The dendrites of the solid-state electrolyte include a metal-containing compound that in turn includes oxygen and/or sulfur.