An embodiment is directed to an electrode composition for use in an energy storage device cell. The electrode comprises composite particles, each comprising carbon that is biomass-derived and active material. The active material exhibits partial vapor pressure below around 10.sup.−13 torr at around 400 K, and an areal capacity loading of the electrode composition ranges from around 2 mAh/cm.sup.2 to around 16 mAh/cm.sup.2.

An all-solid-state secondary battery including: a positive electrode active material layer including a positive electrode active material and a sacrificial positive electrode material having an oxidation-reduction potential which is less than a discharge voltage of the positive electrode active material; and a negative electrode active material layer including a negative electrode active material including an element alloyable with lithium or that forms a compound with lithium; and a solid electrolyte layer between the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer, wherein the sacrificial positive electrode material includes a sacrificial active material and a conductive agent.

A porous microstructure includes: a solid material, wherein the solid material allows conductivity of ions; and a plurality of nanopores defined within the solid material.

A method for pre-lithiation and pre-sodiation of a negative electrode, including the steps of: preparing a negative electrode including a negative electrode current collector, and a negative electrode active material layer on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector. Then, applying and drying a first composition containing a lithium metal powder, a polymer binder and a dispersion medium onto the negative electrode active material layer to form a lithium metal layer. Next, applying and drying a second composition containing a sodium metal powder, a polymer binder and a dispersion medium onto the lithium metal layer to form a sodium metal layer. Then, dipping the negative electrode having the lithium metal layer and the sodium metal layer in an electrolyte for pre-lithiation and pre-sodiation. A pre-lithiated and pre-sodiated negative electrode obtained by the method and a lithium secondary battery including the same are also disclosed.

A carbonized composite comprising a sulfur chain and a conductive network, wherein said sulfur chain is covalently bonded to said conductive network via one or more C—S bonds. The present disclosure also provides a method of preparing the carbonized composite disclosed herein. The carbonized composite may be used in electrochemical cells comprising a reactive metal anode.

The development of a novel battery comprising of high-oxidation-state periodate complex cathode and zinc anode is disclosed. A periodate complex H.sub.7Fe.sub.4(IO.sub.4).sub.3O.sub.8 was prepared by a precipitation reaction between Fe(NO.sub.3).sub.3 and NaIO.sub.4, and was used in battery development for the first time. NaMnIO.sub.6 double periodate salts were also synthesized from MnSO.sub.4 and NaIO.sub.4 using the same techniques. The H.sub.7Fe.sub.4(IO.sub.4).sub.3O.sub.8 alone showed specific capacity of 300 mAh g.sup.−1; while NaMnIO.sub.6 showed specific capacity as high as 750 mAh g.sup.−1. Compared to single-electron processes in conventional cathode reactions, the possibility to significantly enhance cathode specific capacity via a multi-electron process associated with valence change from I(VII) to I.sub.2 is demonstrated. Novel 3D-printed reserve battery casing designs comprising replaceable electrodes also disclosed. Batteries featuring an ion-exchange membrane dual-electrolyte design are disclosed. Periodate based dry cell batteries utilizing polymer electrolytes are also disclosed.

Presented are new, earth-abundant lithium superionic conductors, Li.sub.3Y(PS.sub.4).sub.2 and Li.sub.5PS.sub.4Cl.sub.2, that emerged from a comprehensive screening of the Li—P—S and Li-M-P—S chemical spaces. Both candidates are derived from the relatively unexplored quaternary silver thiophosphates. One key enabler of this discovery is the development of a first-of-its-kind high-throughput first principles screening approach that can exclude candidates unlikely to satisfy the stringent Li.sup.+ conductivity requirements using a minimum of computational resources. Both candidates are predicted to be synthesizable, and are electronically insulating. Systems and methods according to present principles enable new, all-solid-state rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.

An electrode comprising a space group Pna2.sub.1 VOPO.sub.4 lattice, capable of electrochemical insertion and release of alkali metal ions, e.g., sodium ions. The VOPO.sub.4 lattice may be formed by solid phase synthesis of KVOPO.sub.4, milled with carbon particles to increase conductivity. A method of forming an electrode is provided, comprising milling a mixture of ammonium metavanadate, ammonium phosphate monobasic, and potassium carbonate; heating the milled mixture to a reaction temperature, and holding the reaction temperature until a solid phase synthesis of KVOPO.sub.4 occurs; milling the KVOPO.sub.4 together with conductive particles to form a conductive mixture of fine particles; and adding binder material to form a conductive cathode. A sodium ion battery is provided having a conductive NaVOPO.sub.4 cathode derived by replacement of potassium in KVOPO.sub.4, a sodium ion donor anode, and a sodium ion transport electrolyte. The VOPO.sub.4, preferably has a volume greater than 90 Å.sup.3 per VOPO.sub.4.

An anode assembly for use in a lithium-based battery may include a current collector comprising aluminum, at least a first protective layer bonded to and covering a portion of the collector and being formed from a protective metal that is electrically conductive, and at least a first reactive layer comprising lithium metal bonded to the protective. The first protective layer can be disposed between the support surface and the reactive layer so that electrons can travel from the first reactive layer to the current collector and the first reactive layer is spaced from and at least substantially ionically isolated from the support surface, and whereby diffusion of the reactive layer to the current collector is substantially prevented, by the first protective layer thereby inhibiting reactions between the lithium metal and the current collector.

An embodiment is directed to an electrode composition for use in an energy storage device cell. The electrode comprises composite particles, each comprising carbon that is biomass-derived and active material. The active material exhibits partial vapor pressure below around 10.sup.−13 torr at around 400 K, and an areal capacity loading of the electrode composition ranges from around 2 mAh/cm.sup.2 to around 16 mAh/cm.sup.2.