The invention provides a lithium secondary battery including an ionic provider added to the positive electrode and/or a lithium receiver added to the negative electrode. The ionic provider and/or the ionic provider does not involve in the electrochemical reaction of the lithium secondary battery during charging and discharging. The ionic provider can absorb thermal energy caused by the rising temperature of the lithium secondary battery to release the reactive cation. The reactive cation will insert the location with lithium-ion extraction of the positive electrode to make the lattice structure of the positive active material be stable. Therefore, the release of atomic oxygen is avoided. The lithium receiver receives the diffused lithium from the negative electrode to reduce the lithium concentration of the negative electrode. Therefore, it will present a stable state with lower energy to effectively suppress the thermal runaway.

The invention provides a lithium secondary battery including an ionic provider added to the positive electrode. The ionic provider does not involve in the electrochemical reaction of the lithium secondary battery during charging and discharging. The ionic provider can absorb thermal energy caused by the rising temperature of the lithium secondary battery to release the reactive anionic group. The reactive anionic group will react with the positive active material to reduce the reversibility of the positive active material. Also, the positive active material will become to a lower energy state from a higher energy state with lithium-ion extraction to effectively suppress the thermal runaway of the lithium secondary battery.

The present invention comprises semiconductor materials for use in rechargeable energy storage devices particularly rechargeable secondary lithium batteries or lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as monitoring sensors at the sub-cell level. The present invention includes semiconductor materials compositions fabricated from silicon-based, gallium-based, germanium-based, or a variety of other semiconductor materials as well as implementation methods related thereto. The aforementioned system can be embedded in the structure of negative and positive electrodes, at the interface of electrodes and electrolyte and/or at the interface of electrodes and current collector. The use of semiconductor materials proposed in this invention results in more accurate performance assessment, improved battery state of health monitoring, enhanced battery safety, and extended battery life.

Provided is an anode configured to increase the ion conductivity of an anode layer and suppress a decrease in the energy density of the anode layer. Disclosed is an anode, wherein the anode is an anode comprising an anode layer for all-solid-state batteries; wherein the anode layer comprises an anode active material, a solid electrolyte and an ionic liquid; wherein the anode layer comprises at least one Si-based material selected from the group consisting of elemental Si and Si alloy as the anode active material; and wherein the ionic liquid is a solvated ionic liquid containing, in molar ratio, 1.5 mol or more of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide with respect to 1 mol of tetraglyme, or the ionic liquid is a solvated ionic liquid containing, in molar ratio, 2.0 mol or more of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide with respect to 1 mol of tetraglyme.

An embodiment is directed to a Li metal or Li-ion battery, including a conversion-type metal fluoride comprising cathode capable of storing and releasing Li ions during battery operation, a conversion-type type or Li metal-type anode capable of storing and releasing Li ions during battery operation, a separator membrane ionically coupling and electronically insulating the cathode and the anode, and a solid electrolyte with a Li transference number in the range from around 0.7 to around 1.0 impregnating at least the cathode, wherein the cathode comprises composite a core-shell particle and has an areal capacity loading that ranges from around 2 mAh/cm.sup.2 to around 12 mAh/cm.sup.2.

Methods of forming a composite material film can include providing a mixture comprising a precursor and silane-treated silicon particles. The methods can also include pyrolysing the mixture to convert the precursor into one or more carbon phases to form the composite material film with the silicon particles distributed throughout the composite material film.

Apparatuses and methods for depositing materials on both sides of a web while it passes a substantially vertical direction are provided. In particular embodiments, a web does not contact any hardware components during the deposition. A web may be supported before and after the deposition chamber but not inside the deposition chamber. At such support points, the web may be exposed to different conditions (e.g., temperature) than during the deposition. Also provided are substrates having materials deposited on both sides that may be fabricated by the methods and apparatuses.

The secondary battery includes an electrolytic solution, a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and the negative electrode includes a plurality of particulate negative electrode active materials, a first negative electrode binder, and a plurality of second negative electrode binders with an average particle size smaller than the plurality of particulate negative electrode active materials. The plurality of particulate negative electrode active materials have an average particle size of 5 μm or more and 30 μm or less. The first negative electrode binder includes one or both of a styrene butadiene rubber and a derivative thereof. The plurality of second negative electrode binders include one or both of a polyvinylidene fluoride and a derivative thereof, and the plurality of second negative electrode binders have an average particle size of 0.1 μm or more and 10 μm or less.

A process for producing a cathode or anode material adapted for use in the manufacture of fast rechargeable ion batteries. The process may include the steps of Selecting an precursor material that, upon heating in a gas stream, releases volatile compounds to create porous materials to generate a material compound suitable for an electrode in an ion battery. Grinding the precursor material to produce a powder of particles with a first predetermined particle size distribution to form a precursor powder. Calcining the precursor powder in a flash calciner reactor segment with a first process gas at a first temperature to produce a porous particle material suitable for an electrode in an ion battery, and having the pore properties, surface area and nanoscale structures for applications in such batteries. Processing the hot precursor powder in a second calciner reactor segment with a second process gas to complete the calcination reaction, to anneal the material to optimise the particle strength, and to modify the oxidation state of the product for maximising the charge density when the particle is activated in a battery cell to form a second precursor powder. Quenching the second precursor powder. Activating the particles of the second precursor powder in an electrolytic cell by the initial charging steps to intercalate electrolyte ions in the particles.

This invention relates to particulate electroactive materials comprising a plurality of composite particles, wherein the composite particles comprise: (a) a porous carbon framework including micropores and optional mesopores having a total volume of at least 0.7 cm.sup.3/g and up to 2 cm.sup.3/g, wherein at least half of the total micropore and mesopore volume is in the form of pores having a diameter of no more than 1.5 nm; and (b) silicon located within the micropores and optional mesopores of the porous carbon framework in a defined amount relative to the total volume of the micropores and optional mesopores.