The invention provides a method for discharging and/or charging a lithium-oxygen battery, where the method comprises the steps of (i) generating a discharge product on or within a working electrode in a lithium-oxygen battery in a discharging step, wherein the amount of LiOH in the discharge product is greater than the amount of Li.sub.2O.sub.2; and/or (ii) consuming LiOH on or within a working electrode in a lithium-oxygen battery in a charging step, thereby to generate oxygen optionally together with water, wherein the amount of LiOH consumed in the charging step is greater than the amount of Li.sub.2O.sub.2 consumed. The the lithium-oxygen battery has an electrolyte comprising an organic solvent, and optionally the water content of the electrolyte after a charging step is 0.01 wt % or more.

A secondary battery includes a cathode, an anode, and an electrolytic solution. The anode includes a first anode active material, a second anode active material, and an anode binder. The first anode active material includes a first central portion and a first coating portion. The first central portion includes a material that includes silicon as a constituent element, and the first coating portion is provided on a surface of the first central portion and includes one or both of a polyacrylate salt and a carboxymethylcellulose salt. The second anode active material includes a material that includes carbon as a constituent element. The anode binder includes one or more of polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide, and aramid.

Disclosed is an anode material for a sodium secondary battery. The anode material includes a tin fluoride-carbon composite composed of a tin fluoride and a carbonaceous material. The anode material can be used to improve the charge/discharge capacity, charge/discharge efficiency, and electrochemical activity of a sodium secondary battery. Also provided are a method for preparing the anode material and a sodium secondary battery including the anode material.

Disclosed herein are batteries comprising cathodes having halogenated compounds as cathode active materials and including a greenhouse gas within the battery. The halogenated batteries can be operated under an atmosphere comprising a greenhouse gas, wherein the battery is fabricated under a greenhouse gas atmosphere, or wherein the greenhouse gas is introduced into the battery before use. Also disclosed herein are methods of fabricating batteries comprising cathodes having halogenated compounds as cathode active materials and including a greenhouse gas within the battery. The halogenated batteries can include an aliphatic nitrile compound as part of the electrolyte, an organic material having a conjugated cyclic structure as part of the cathode active material, or a metal oxide as part of the anode active material to improve the battery performance.

A dry cathode film and a dry cathode and an all-solid secondary battery, each including the same. The dry cathode film includes a dry cathode active material, a dry sulfide-based solid electrolyte, and a dry binder, wherein the dry cathode active material includes a composite of Li.sub.2S, a lithium salt (Li.sub.aX.sub.b), and a carbonaceous material (C), the composite is represented by Li.sub.2SLi.sub.aX.sub.bC (wherein 1a5 and 1b5), and the X is I, Br, Cl, F, H, O, Se, Te, N, P, As, Sb, Al, B, OCl, PF.sub.6, BF.sub.4, SbF.sub.6, AsF.sub.6, ClO.sub.4, AlO.sub.2, AlCl.sub.4, NO.sub.3, CO.sub.3, BH.sub.4, SO.sub.4, BO.sub.3, PO.sub.4, NCl, NCl.sub.2, BN.sub.2, or a combination thereof.

A dry cathode film includes a first dry cathode active material layer adjacent to a cathode current collector, and a second dry cathode active material layer on the first dry cathode active material layer. The first dry cathode active material layer and the second dry cathode active material layer each independently include a dry cathode active material including a composite of Li.sub.2S, a lithium salt, and a carbon-based material; a dry sulfide-based solid electrolyte; and a dry binder. A content of the dry cathode active material in the first dry cathode active material layer is greater than a content of the dry cathode active material in the second dry cathode active material layer, and a content of the dry sulfide-based solid electrolyte in the first dry cathode active material layer is less than a content of the dry sulfide-based solid electrolyte in the second dry cathode active material layer.

A battery electrode composition is provided that comprises composite particles. Each composite particle may comprise, for example, active lithium fluoride/metal nanocomposite material optionally embedded into a nanoporous, electrically-conductive skeleton matrix material particle(s), where each of these composite particles is further encased in a Li-ion permeable, chemically and mechanically robust, protective outer shell that is impermeable to electrolyte solvent molecules. The active lithium fluoride/metal nanocomposite material is provided to store and release Li ions during battery operation.

Systems, articles, and methods generally related to the electrochemical formation of layers comprising halogen ions on substrates are described.

A zinc bromide electrochemical cell comprises an anode assembly, a cathode assembly, and a container. The anode assembly comprises an anode pouch comprising a first insulating microporous membrane. An anode is enclosed in the anode pouch. The cathode assembly comprises a cathode pouch comprising a second insulating microporous membrane. A cathode is enclosed in the cathode pouch. A first plurality of protrusion elements are on the first insulating microporous membrane. A second plurality of protrusion elements are on the second insulating microporous membrane.