The invention discloses a high voltage rechargeable Zn—MnO.sub.2 battery. The structure of the Zn—MnO.sub.2 battery includes zinc electrode/alkaline electrolyte/ion exchange membrane/acid electrolyte/MnO.sub.2 electrode. The ion exchange membrane comprises a cation exchange membrane, an anion exchange membrane or a proton exchange membrane. According to the invention, by using a composite electrolyte system (alkaline electrolyte/ion exchange membrane/acid electrolyte), a high voltage rechargeable Zn—MnO.sub.2 battery is obtained. According to the invention, an open circuit voltage of up to 2.7V is obtained, greatly improving the discharge voltage, and at the same time increasing the discharge capacity and enabling cyclic charge and discharge. The invention is of great importance in science research, beneficial to society and economics.

The invention discloses a high voltage rechargeable Zn—MnO.sub.2 battery. The structure of the Zn—MnO.sub.2 battery includes zinc electrode/alkaline electrolyte/ion exchange membrane/acid electrolyte/MnO.sub.2 electrode. The ion exchange membrane comprises a cation exchange membrane, an anion exchange membrane or a proton exchange membrane. According to the invention, by using a composite electrolyte system (alkaline electrolyte/ion exchange membrane/acid electrolyte), a high voltage rechargeable Zn—MnO.sub.2 battery is obtained. According to the invention, an open circuit voltage of up to 2.7V is obtained, greatly improving the discharge voltage, and at the same time increasing the discharge capacity and enabling cyclic charge and discharge. The invention is of great importance in science research, beneficial to society and economics.

In a laminate-type power storage element, laminated films forming an exterior body are each formed by sandwiching a metal layer between a resin layer and a heat sealing layer. An electrode body includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode disposed opposite to each other across a separator and is enclosed together with a non-aqueous organic electrolyte solution inside the exterior body. Particles included in the positive electrode or negative electrode have a D90 particle size less than or equal to the thickness of the heat sealing layer.

A lithium battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode containing lithium, and a nonaqueous electrolyte having lithium-ion conductivity, wherein the positive electrode contains at least one selected from the group consisting of manganese oxide and graphite fluoride, and a powdered or fibrous carbon material is attached to at least part of the surface of the negative electrode opposite the positive electrode. Further, the nonaqueous electrolyte includes a nonaqueous solvent, a solute, a first additive, and a second additive, the solute contains LiClO.sub.4, the first additive is LiBF.sub.4, and the second additive is a salt having an inorganic anion that contains sulfur and fluorine.

An alkaline battery comprises an anode, a cathode, a separator disposed between the anode and the cathode, a barrier layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, and an electrolyte in fluid communication with the anode, the cathode, and the separator. The barrier layer is at least one of: an organic polymer film or a porous inorganic layer or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, a battery comprises an anode, a cathode, a separator disposed between the anode and the cathode, and an electrolyte in fluid communication with the anode, the cathode, and the separator. The anode can be a porous metallic zinc anode. The porous metallic zinc anode comprises pure zinc electrode, a substrate coated with zinc, a zinc substrate with a coating layer, or combinations thereof.

Disclosed herein are batteries and methods of making batteries. The batteries disclosed herein generally comprise a cathode, an electrolyte capable of conducting protons and/or hydronium ions, and an anode comprising a material capable of absorbing protons and/or hydronium ions, wherein (i) the cathode is in contact with a cathode substance, or (ii) the electrolyte comprises a reduced cathode substance, or (iii) the cathode is in contact with a cathode substance and the electrolyte comprises a reduced cathode substance, and wherein the cathode substance is an oxide of one or more metals or an oxide of a halide.

Disclosed herein are batteries and methods of making batteries. The batteries disclosed herein generally comprise a cathode, an electrolyte capable of conducting protons and/or hydronium ions, and an anode comprising a material capable of absorbing protons and/or hydronium ions, wherein (i) the cathode is in contact with a cathode substance, or (ii) the electrolyte comprises a reduced cathode substance, or (iii) the cathode is in contact with a cathode substance and the electrolyte comprises a reduced cathode substance, and wherein the cathode substance is an oxide of one or more metals or an oxide of a halide.

A method of forming an electrode in an electrochemical battery comprises coating a reticulated substrate with a first wash, the first wash having a conductive material with conductive fibrous members and curing the reticulated substrate coated with the first wash having the conductive material with the conductive fibrous members.

In one embodiment, a battery cell can include a cathode including at least one of MnO or Mn(OH)2. The battery can also include an anode including at least one of ZnO or Zn(OH)2 and an electrolyte. The battery cell can be a rechargeable battery cell with total capacity before first charge or discharge of less than 30% of total capacity of this battery in a fully charged state.