Designs, strategies and methods for forming tube shaped batteries are described. In some examples, hermetic seals may be used to seal battery chemistry within the tube-shaped batteries. This may improve biocompatibility of energization elements. In some examples, the tube form biocompatible energization elements may be used in a biomedical device. In some further examples, the tube form biocompatible energization elements may be used in a contact lens.

Designs, strategies and methods for forming tube shaped batteries are described. In some examples, hermetic seals may be used to seal battery chemistry within the tube-shaped batteries. This may improve biocompatibility of energization elements. In some examples, the tube form biocompatible energization elements may be used in a biomedical device. In some further examples, the tube form biocompatible energization elements may be used in a contact lens.

Provided are a cathode active substance used for a lithium ion secondary battery capable of suppressing an increase in an internal resistance inside the battery caused following charge/discharge cycles, a cathode including the cathode active substance, and a lithium ion secondary battery provided with the cathode. The cathode active substance includes a lithium composite compound represented by Formula: Li.sub.1+Ni.sub.xCo.sub.yM.sup.1.sub.1-x-y-zM.sup.2.sub.zO.sub.2+. When Pi is defined as porosity with respect to an opening diameter of 0.6 m or less and measured by subjecting the active substance to a mercury press-in method, and Pp is defined as porosity with respect to the same diameter and measured by filling the active substance in a mold with an inner diameter of 10 mm, pressing the filled substance by a load of 40 MPa, and subjecting the pressed substance to the same method, a value of Pp/Pi is 1.5 or less.

Provided are a cathode active substance used for a lithium ion secondary battery capable of suppressing an increase in an internal resistance inside the battery caused following charge/discharge cycles, a cathode including the cathode active substance, and a lithium ion secondary battery provided with the cathode. The cathode active substance includes a lithium composite compound represented by Formula: Li.sub.1+Ni.sub.xCo.sub.yM.sup.1.sub.1-x-y-zM.sup.2.sub.zO.sub.2+. When Pi is defined as porosity with respect to an opening diameter of 0.6 m or less and measured by subjecting the active substance to a mercury press-in method, and Pp is defined as porosity with respect to the same diameter and measured by filling the active substance in a mold with an inner diameter of 10 mm, pressing the filled substance by a load of 40 MPa, and subjecting the pressed substance to the same method, a value of Pp/Pi is 1.5 or less.

The positive active material for a lithium secondary battery includes a lithium transition metal composite oxide having an -NaFeO.sub.2 structure, and having a diffraction peak at 2=441 and a diffraction peak at 2=18.61 in a powder X-ray diffraction diagram using a CuK ray. In a ratio FWHM (003)/FWHM (104) of a full width at half maximum FWHM (003) for the diffraction peak at 2=18.61 to a full width at half maximum FWHM (104) for the diffraction peak at 2=441, a ratio of FWHM (003)/FWHM (104) in a charge state immediately after a discharge state to FWHM (003)/FWHM (104) in the discharge state is 0.72 or more.

The positive active material for a lithium secondary battery includes a lithium transition metal composite oxide having an -NaFeO.sub.2 structure, and having a diffraction peak at 2=441 and a diffraction peak at 2=18.61 in a powder X-ray diffraction diagram using a CuK ray. In a ratio FWHM (003)/FWHM (104) of a full width at half maximum FWHM (003) for the diffraction peak at 2=18.61 to a full width at half maximum FWHM (104) for the diffraction peak at 2=441, a ratio of FWHM (003)/FWHM (104) in a charge state immediately after a discharge state to FWHM (003)/FWHM (104) in the discharge state is 0.72 or more.

Provided herein are nanostructured electrode separators comprising metal organic materials capable of attaching to one or more electrodes and electrically insulating at least one electrode while allowing migration of ionic charge carriers through the nanostructured electrode separator. Methods of using such electrode separators include positioning a nanostructured electrode separator between two electrodes of an electrochemical cell.

Provided herein are nanostructured electrode separators comprising metal organic materials capable of attaching to one or more electrodes and electrically insulating at least one electrode while allowing migration of ionic charge carriers through the nanostructured electrode separator. Methods of using such electrode separators include positioning a nanostructured electrode separator between two electrodes of an electrochemical cell.

The present disclosure provides a positive electrode of lithium-ion battery, an all-solid-state lithium-ion battery and a preparation method thereof, and an electrical device. The all-solid-state lithium-ion battery of the present disclosure includes a positive electrode, a solid electrolyte, and a negative electrode; wherein the positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode material layer provided on a surface of the positive electrode current collector, a positive electrode active material in the positive electrode material layer is a manganese oxygen compound; and the negative electrode includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode material layer provided on a surface of the negative electrode current collector, a negative electrode active material in the negative electrode material layer is a titanium oxygen compound.

A method of forming a layered manganese dioxide for use in a cathode of a battery comprises disposing a cathode into a housing of an electrochemical cell, disposing an anode into the housing, disposing a polymeric separator between the anode and the cathode such that the anode and the cathode are electrically separated, adding an alkaline electrolyte to the housing, cycling the electrochemical cell into the 2.sup.nd electron capacity of the manganese dioxide, and forming a layered manganese dioxide having a layered manganese dioxide structure with the one or more additives incorporated into the layered manganese dioxide structure. The cathode comprising a cathode material comprising: a manganese dioxide compound, one or more additives selected from the group consisting of bismuth, copper, tin, lead, silver, cobalt, nickel, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, lithium, calcium, gold, antimony, iron, zinc, and combinations thereof, and a conductive carbon.