The nickel-containing hydroxide particle covered with cobalt, wherein in a volume-based particle size distribution, the nickel-containing hydroxide particle covered with cobalt has the maximum peak with a height a, one peak at a height of (½)a or higher, and has a value A of formula (1) calculated from a width b of the maximum peak at a height of (½)a, and in a volume-based particle size distribution after compression treatment, the nickel-containing hydroxide particle covered with cobalt has the maximum peak with a height c, and has a value B of formula (2) calculated from a width d of the maximum peak at a height of (½)c, and wherein the value B and the value A have a relation represented by formula (3):

A=[(b×(½)a]/2  (1)

B=[(d×(½)c]/2  (2)

−1.50≤[(B−A)/A]×1005.00  (3)

An electrochemical battery cell comprising an anode having a primary anode active material, a cathode, and an ion-conducting electrolyte, wherein the cell has an initial output voltage, Vi, measured at 10% depth of discharge (DoD), selected from a range from 0.3 volts to 0.8 volts, and a final output voltage Vf measured at a DoD no greater than 90%, wherein a voltage variation, (Vi−Vf)/Vi, is no greater than ±10% and the specific capacity between Vi and Vf is no less than 100 mAh/g or 200 mAh/cm.sup.3 based on the cathode active material weight or volume, and wherein the primary anode active material is selected from lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), vanadium (V), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), a mixture thereof, an alloy thereof, or a combination thereof.

The present invention provides a conductive fabric comprising base cloth and a conductive metallic circuit structure formed on the surface of the base cloth. The conductive metallic circuit structure comprises at least one metallic seed layer and at least one chemical-plating layer. The metallic seed layer is an evaporation-deposition layer or a sputter-deposition layer and has a circuit pattern. The chemical-plating layer is applied over the surface of the metallic seed layer. The conductive fabric has improved conductivity and heat generation efficiency.

Preparation, characterization, and an electrochemical study of Mg.sub.0.1V.sub.2O.sub.5 prepared by a novel sol-gel method with no high-temperature post-processing are disclosed. Cyclic voltammetry showed the material to be quasi-reversible, with improved kinetics in an acetonitrile-, relative to a carbonate-, based electrolyte. Galvanostatic test data under a C/10 discharge showed a delivered capacity >250 mAh/g over several cycles. Based on these results, a magnesium anode battery, as disclosed, would yield an average operating voltage ˜3.2 Volts with an energy density ˜800 mWh/g for the cathode material, making the newly synthesized material a viable cathode material for secondary magnesium batteries.

Preparation, characterization, and an electrochemical study of Mg.sub.0.1V.sub.2O.sub.5 prepared by a novel sol-gel method with no high-temperature post-processing are disclosed. Cyclic voltammetry showed the material to be quasi-reversible, with improved kinetics in an acetonitrile-, relative to a carbonate-, based electrolyte. Galvanostatic test data under a C/10 discharge showed a delivered capacity >250 mAh/g over several cycles. Based on these results, a magnesium anode battery, as disclosed, would yield an average operating voltage ˜3.2 Volts with an energy density ˜800 mWh/g for the cathode material, making the newly synthesized material a viable cathode material for secondary magnesium batteries.

Cathodes are provided, wherein at least one of the cathode's active material, binder, or graphite are in the form of carbon-coated particles. Alternatively, rings of the cathode, or the cathode itself, may be coated with carbon. The coating may be as thin as a single layer of carbon. Electrochemical cells comprising such cathodes are also provided. Methods of preparing such cathodes and electrochemical cells are also provided.

Described are energy storage devices employing a gas storage structure, which can accommodate or store gas evolved from the energy storage device. The energy storage device comprises an electrochemical cell with electrodes comprising metal-containing compositions, like metal oxides, metal nitrides, or metal hydrides, and a solid state electrolyte.

Each of the Ni-containing lithium-based complex oxide A and the Ni-containing lithium-based complex oxide B contains Ni in an amount of 55 mol % or more relative to the total number of moles of metal elements excluding Li, the Ni-containing lithium-based complex oxide A has an average primary particle diameter of 2 μm or more, an average secondary particle diameter of 2 to 6 μm, a particle fracture load of 5 to 35 mN and a BET specific surface area of 0.5 m2/g to 1.0 m2/g, and the Ni-containing lithium-based complex oxide B has an average primary particle diameter of 1 μm or less, an average secondary particle diameter of 10 to 20 μm, a particle fracture load of 10 to 35 mN and a BET specific surface area of 0.1 m2/g to 1.0 m2/g.

A hydrogen absorbing alloy negative electrode is provided. The hydrogen absorbing alloy negative electrode has a hydrogen absorbing alloy, and an additive including yttrium fluoride. A mass of the yttrium fluoride is 0.1 parts by mass or more and 0.2 parts by mass or less based on a hydrogen absorbing alloy powder of 100 parts by mass.

A hydrogen absorbing alloy negative electrode is provided. The hydrogen absorbing alloy negative electrode has a hydrogen absorbing alloy, and an additive including yttrium fluoride. A mass of the yttrium fluoride is 0.1 parts by mass or more and 0.2 parts by mass or less based on a hydrogen absorbing alloy powder of 100 parts by mass.