Disclosed and described herein are systems and methods of energy generation from fabric electrochemistry. An electrical cell is created when electrodes (cathodes and anodes) are ‘printed’ on or otherwise embedded into fabrics to generate DC power when moistened by a conductive bodily liquid such as sweat, wound, fluid, etc. The latter acts, in turn, as the cell's electrolyte. A singular piece of fabric can be configured into multiple cells by dividing regions of the fabric with hydrophobic barriers and having at least one anode-cathode set in each region. Flexible inter-connections between the cells can be used to scale the generated power, per the application requirements.

Disclosed and described herein are systems and methods of energy generation from fabric electrochemistry. An electrical cell is created when electrodes (cathodes and anodes) are ‘printed’ on or otherwise embedded into fabrics to generate DC power when moistened by a conductive bodily liquid such as sweat, wound, fluid, etc. The latter acts, in turn, as the cell's electrolyte. A singular piece of fabric can be configured into multiple cells by dividing regions of the fabric with hydrophobic barriers and having at least one anode-cathode set in each region. Flexible inter-connections between the cells can be used to scale the generated power, per the application requirements.

A base cell structure includes a containment ring defining an opening extending therethrough. An inner wall of the containment ring defines a perimeter limit of a base cell volume. The containment ring provides a liquid-impermeable casing at the perimeter limit. A first set of active particles is disposed in the base cell volume of a first base cell structure to form an anode cell. A second set of active particles is disposed in the base cell volume of a second base cell structure to form a cathode cell. The anode cell and the cathode cell are assembled together with a separator disposed between. Two electrode plates are disposed on the assembly, one adjacent to the anode cell and one adjacent to the cathode cell, to respectively provide an anode electrode plate and a cathode electrode plate which are disposed on opposite outer sides of the assembly.

A base cell structure includes a containment ring defining an opening extending therethrough. An inner wall of the containment ring defines a perimeter limit of a base cell volume. The containment ring provides a liquid-impermeable casing at the perimeter limit. A first set of active particles is disposed in the base cell volume of a first base cell structure to form an anode cell. A second set of active particles is disposed in the base cell volume of a second base cell structure to form a cathode cell. The anode cell and the cathode cell are assembled together with a separator disposed between. Two electrode plates are disposed on the assembly, one adjacent to the anode cell and one adjacent to the cathode cell, to respectively provide an anode electrode plate and a cathode electrode plate which are disposed on opposite outer sides of the assembly.

A homogenously mixed metal manganese oxide. The mixed metal manganese oxide includes a homogenous mixture of manganese and at least two more metals. The additional metals may be cesium, nickel, copper, bismuth, cobalt, magnesium, iron, aluminum, scandium, vanadium, chromium, silver, gold, titanium, or, lead. A method of making the metal manganese oxide material includes mixing salts of manganese and the additional metals. The mixture may be activated and digested at an elevated temperature. Also, a battery having a cathode made from the homogenously mixed metal manganese oxide.

A homogenously mixed metal manganese oxide. The mixed metal manganese oxide includes a homogenous mixture of manganese and at least two more metals. The additional metals may be cesium, nickel, copper, bismuth, cobalt, magnesium, iron, aluminum, scandium, vanadium, chromium, silver, gold, titanium, or, lead. A method of making the metal manganese oxide material includes mixing salts of manganese and the additional metals. The mixture may be activated and digested at an elevated temperature. Also, a battery having a cathode made from the homogenously mixed metal manganese oxide.

Electrolyte formulations including a high salt concentration. The electrolyte formulation includes an organic solvent and a lithium salt, wherein the lithium salt is mixed with the organic solvent at a concentration of at least 20 Mole %, or at least 40 Mole %, or at least 50 Mole %. The organic solvent includes N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, butylene carbonate, butyl propionate, pentyl acetate, γ-caprolactone, propylene glycol sulfite, ethyl methyl sulfone, butyl sulfoxide or combinations thereof. The lithium salt includes lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide, lithium tetrafluoroborate, or lithium hexafluorophosphate.

An alkaline secondary battery disclosed in the present application includes a positive electrode containing a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode, and a separator. The positive electrode active material contains a mixture of a silver oxide and a silver-bismuth complex oxide. A discharge curve is obtained when the battery that is fully charged is discharged with a constant current until a battery voltage drops to 1.0 V. The battery voltage at a point on the discharge curve where x (%) of a total discharge capacity has been discharged from the battery since start of discharge is represented by V.sub.x (V). The discharge curve satisfies V.sub.10−V.sub.70≤0.08, has a step in the range of 70≤x≤90, and shows that a size of the step represented by V.sub.70−V.sub.90 is 0.04 or more and 0.15 or less.

An alkaline secondary battery disclosed in the present application includes a positive electrode containing a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode, and a separator. The positive electrode active material contains a mixture of a silver oxide and a silver-bismuth complex oxide. A discharge curve is obtained when the battery that is fully charged is discharged with a constant current until a battery voltage drops to 1.0 V. The battery voltage at a point on the discharge curve where x (%) of a total discharge capacity has been discharged from the battery since start of discharge is represented by V.sub.x (V). The discharge curve satisfies V.sub.10−V.sub.70≤0.08, has a step in the range of 70≤x≤90, and shows that a size of the step represented by V.sub.70−V.sub.90 is 0.04 or more and 0.15 or less.

The invention is directed towards a cathode. The cathode includes an electrochemically active cathode material and at least one cathode additive. The at least one cathode additive includes a head group and at least one hydrocarbon tail group. The head group includes at least one p-element atom that is bonded to a second p-element atom. The at least one p-element atom has an electronegativity and the second p-element atom has an electronegativity. The electronegativity of the at least one p-element atom is different from the electronegativity of the second p-element atom.