Described are aqueous rechargeable hydrogen batteries operating in the full pH range (e.g., pH: 1 to 15) with potential for electrical grid storage. The pH-universal hydrogen batteries operate with different redox chemistry on the cathodes and reversible hydrogen evolution/oxidation reactions (HER/HOR) on the anode. The reactions can be catalyzed by a highly active ruthenium-based electrocatalyst. The ruthenium-based catalysts exhibit comparable specific activity and superior long-term stability of HER/HOR to that of state-of-the-art Pt/C electrocatalyst in the full pH range. New chemistries for aqueous rechargeable hydrogen batteries are also provided.

The present application is directed to blends comprising a plurality of carbon particles and a plurality of lead particles. The blends find utility in any number of electrical devices, for example, in lead acid batteries. Methods for making and using the blends are also disclosed.

The present application is directed to blends comprising a plurality of carbon particles and a plurality of lead particles. The blends find utility in any number of electrical devices, for example, in lead acid batteries. Methods for making and using the blends are also disclosed.

The present disclosure discloses a method for forming a lead-carbon compound interface layer on a lead-based substrate, wherein the lead-based substrate has a surface, and the method includes steps of: causing an acidic solution to contact with a carbon material and a lead-containing material to form a carbon-containing plumbate precursor having an ionic lead; and reducing the ionic lead in the carbon-containing plumbate precursor to form the lead-carbon compound interface layer on the surface.

The present disclosure discloses a method for forming a lead-carbon compound interface layer on a lead-based substrate, wherein the lead-based substrate has a surface, and the method includes steps of: causing an acidic solution to contact with a carbon material and a lead-containing material to form a carbon-containing plumbate precursor having an ionic lead; and reducing the ionic lead in the carbon-containing plumbate precursor to form the lead-carbon compound interface layer on the surface.

A meta-solid-state battery includes a first layer disposed on a first current collector, a second layer disposed on a second current collector, and third layer disposed between the first layer and the second layer. The first layer and the second layer are the cathode and anode electrodes. The third layer includes a first meta-solid-state electrolyte material. Each of the cathode and anode electrodes contain: an active material in an amount ranging from approximately 70% to 99.98% by weight, a carbon additive in an amount ranging from approximately 0.010% to 20% by weight, and a second meta-solid-state electrolyte material in an amount ranging from approximately 0.010% to 10% by weight. The first and second meta-solid-state electrolyte material include a gel polymer.

A meta-solid-state battery includes a first layer disposed on a first current collector, a second layer disposed on a second current collector, and third layer disposed between the first layer and the second layer. The first layer and the second layer are the cathode and anode electrodes. The third layer includes a first meta-solid-state electrolyte material. Each of the cathode and anode electrodes contain: an active material in an amount ranging from approximately 70% to 99.98% by weight, a carbon additive in an amount ranging from approximately 0.010% to 20% by weight, and a second meta-solid-state electrolyte material in an amount ranging from approximately 0.010% to 10% by weight. The first and second meta-solid-state electrolyte material include a gel polymer.

A negative electrode of a secondary battery may include an electrode plate including lead; and an active material layer provided on the electrode plate and including composite particles having a core-shell structure, wherein a core of the composite particle includes lead; a shell of the composite particle includes carbon; and a specific surface area of the composite particles is 1 to 5,000 m.sup.2/g.

A negative electrode of a secondary battery may include an electrode plate including lead; and an active material layer provided on the electrode plate and including composite particles having a core-shell structure, wherein a core of the composite particle includes lead; a shell of the composite particle includes carbon; and a specific surface area of the composite particles is 1 to 5,000 m.sup.2/g.

A composition comprising a lead species (e.g., leady oxide, porous metallic lead, metallic lead, lead sulfate) a carbon material and an expander are described herein. Also disclosed are electrodes, devices (e.g., batteries) including the same. Methods for making and using the disclosed novel composition are also detailed herein.