A lead-based alloy containing alloying additions of bismuth, antimony, arsenic, and tin is used for the production of doped leady oxides, lead-acid battery active materials, lead-acid battery electrodes, and lead-acid batteries.

Disclosed herein are oxidized carbon blacks, which can be incorporated into electrode compositions for lead acid batteries. In some embodiments, the oxidized carbon blacks have a BET surface area ranging from 650 to 2100 m.sup.2/g; an oil absorption number (OAN) ranging from 35 to 500 mL/100 g; and a volatile content of at least 5.5 wt. % relative to the total weight of the oxidized carbon black, as determined by weight loss at 950 C.

Disclosed herein are oxidized carbon blacks, which can be incorporated into electrode compositions for lead acid batteries. In some embodiments, the oxidized carbon blacks have a BET surface area ranging from 650 to 2100 m.sup.2/g; an oil absorption number (OAN) ranging from 35 to 500 mL/100 g; and a volatile content of at least 5.5 wt. % relative to the total weight of the oxidized carbon black, as determined by weight loss at 950 C.

The present invention deals with employing Heteroatoms namely Nitrogen, Sulphur intrinsic embedded carbon nanotubes (H-CNT) as multifunctional additive for preparing lead acid battery electrodes to substitute the expander chemicals namely, Vanisperse, Dinel Fibre, Barium sulphate and carbon black. Further the invention provides H-CNT in-situ produced from Crude oil or its products.

The present invention deals with employing Heteroatoms namely Nitrogen, Sulphur intrinsic embedded carbon nanotubes (H-CNT) as multifunctional additive for preparing lead acid battery electrodes to substitute the expander chemicals namely, Vanisperse, Dinel Fibre, Barium sulphate and carbon black. Further the invention provides H-CNT in-situ produced from Crude oil or its products.

Provided is a manufacturing method for an amino-substituted phosphazene compound, including: reacting a fluorinated phosphazene compound and an amine compound in presence of a catalyst consisting of a compound consisting of a specific element M below and an oxygen atom as constituent elements; and obtaining an amino-substituted phosphazene compound by substitution reaction between a fluorine atom of the fluorinated phosphazene compound and an amino group of the amine compound. Specific element M: At least one selected from magnesium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, lithium, calcium, aluminum, manganese, molybdenum, silicon, or boron.

Provided is a manufacturing method for an amino-substituted phosphazene compound, including: reacting a fluorinated phosphazene compound and an amine compound in presence of a catalyst consisting of a compound consisting of a specific element M below and an oxygen atom as constituent elements; and obtaining an amino-substituted phosphazene compound by substitution reaction between a fluorine atom of the fluorinated phosphazene compound and an amino group of the amine compound. Specific element M: At least one selected from magnesium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, lithium, calcium, aluminum, manganese, molybdenum, silicon, or boron.

The disclosure discloses a method for recycling lead paste in a spent lead-acid battery, comprising: (1) pretreating lead paste in a spent lead-acid battery as a raw material under vacuum; mixing the pretreated lead paste with a chlorination reagent to obtain reactants; and heating the reactants under vacuum to carry out a chlorination volatilization reaction, so that lead element in the pretreated lead paste is combined with chlorine element in the chlorination reagent to form lead chloride, which is then volatilized, and after the reaction is completed, chlorination residue and a crude lead chloride product are obtained by condensation and crystallization after volatilization; (2) purifying the crude lead chloride product obtained in the step (1) under vacuum to obtain a refined lead chloride product. The disclosure improves the overall process flow of the recycling method as well as parameter conditions of the respective steps thereof, and can effectively solve the problem of serious pollution in lead paste recycling in the prior art.

One aspect of the invention provides a negative electrode material for use in an electrolyte battery including a negative electrode active material and a coating material disposed on a surface of the negative electrode active material. The coating material is a fluoride ion conductor that includes the elements lead and fluorine.

An electrochemical cell includes solid-state, printable anode layer, cathode layer and non-aqueous gel electrolyte layer coupled to the anode layer and cathode layer. The electrolyte layer provides physical separation between the anode layer and the cathode layer, and comprises a composition configured to provide ionic communication between the anode layer and cathode layer by facilitating transmission of multivalent ions between the anode layer and the cathode layer.