A meta-solid-state battery includes a first layer disposed on a first current collector, a second layer disposed on a second current collector, and third layer disposed between the first layer and the second layer. The first layer and the second layer are the cathode and anode electrodes. The third layer includes a first meta-solid-state electrolyte material. Each of the cathode and anode electrodes contain: an active material in an amount ranging from approximately 70% to 99.98% by weight, a carbon additive in an amount ranging from approximately 0.010% to 20% by weight, and a second meta-solid-state electrolyte material in an amount ranging from approximately 0.010% to 10% by weight. The first and second meta-solid-state electrolyte material include a gel polymer.

Core-shell particles may be based on red lead coated with pyrogenically produced titanium dioxide and/or a pyrogenically produced aluminum oxide, and a process may prepare such core-shell particles which may be used in lead-acid batteries. The red lead may include PbO.sub.2 in a range of from 25 to 32 wt. %.

A lead-acid battery is disclosed. The lead-acid battery has a container with a cover and includes one or more compartments. One or more cell elements are provided in the one or more compartments. The one or more cell elements comprise a positive electrode, the positive electrode having a positive substrate and a positive electrochemically active material on the positive substrate; a negative electrode, the negative electrode having a negative substrate and a negative active mass on the negative substrate, wherein the negative active mass comprises a leady oxide, a synthetic organic expander, a very fine particle barium sulfate, and plurality of conductive carbons; and an absorbent glass mat separator between the positive plate and the negative plate. Electrolyte is provided within the container. A negative electrode for a lead-acid battery and a battery having improved performance are also disclosed.

A lead-acid battery is disclosed. The lead-acid battery has a container with a cover and includes one or more compartments. One or more cell elements are provided in the one or more compartments. The one or more cell elements comprise a positive electrode, the positive electrode having a positive substrate and a positive electrochemically active material on the positive substrate; a negative electrode, the negative electrode having a negative substrate and a negative active mass on the negative substrate, wherein the negative active mass comprises a leady oxide, a synthetic organic expander, a very fine particle barium sulfate, and plurality of conductive carbons; and an absorbent glass mat separator between the positive plate and the negative plate. Electrolyte is provided within the container. A negative electrode for a lead-acid battery and a battery having improved performance are also disclosed.

A composite electrode active material including: a core, which is capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium; and a surface treatment layer disposed on the core, wherein the surface treatment layer comprises a lithium-free oxide that has a spinel structure and includes a dopant, wherein the dopant includes at least one selected from fluorine, sulfur, nitrogen, boron, and phosphorous.

A composite electrode active material including: a core, which is capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium; and a surface treatment layer disposed on the core, wherein the surface treatment layer comprises a lithium-free oxide that has a spinel structure and includes a dopant, wherein the dopant includes at least one selected from fluorine, sulfur, nitrogen, boron, and phosphorous.

An electrochemical cell includes solid-state, printable anode layer, cathode layer and non-aqueous gel electrolyte layer coupled to the anode layer and cathode layer. The electrolyte layer provides physical separation between the anode layer and the cathode layer, and comprises a composition configured to provide ionic communication between the anode layer and cathode layer by facilitating transmission of multivalent ions between the anode layer and the cathode layer.

An electrochemical cell includes solid-state, printable anode layer, cathode layer and non-aqueous gel electrolyte layer coupled to the anode layer and cathode layer. The electrolyte layer provides physical separation between the anode layer and the cathode layer, and comprises a composition configured to provide ionic communication between the anode layer and cathode layer by facilitating transmission of multivalent ions between the anode layer and the cathode layer.

A power supply device using electromagnetic power generation includes an electric motor, an electromagnet, a winding, a rechargeable unit, and a battery case. The electromagnet is operatively connected to the electric motor so that an activation of the electric motor changes a magnetic field of the electromagnet. The winding is around the electromagnet so that the change of the magnetic field of the electromagnet generates emf in the winding. The rechargeable unit is electrically connected to both the electric motor and the electromagnet so that the emf is stored in the rechargeable unit or supply to an external electric load. The battery case includes an electrical wire electrically connected to the winding.

A power supply device using electromagnetic power generation includes an electric motor, an electromagnet, a winding, a rechargeable unit, and a battery case. The electromagnet is operatively connected to the electric motor so that an activation of the electric motor changes a magnetic field of the electromagnet. The winding is around the electromagnet so that the change of the magnetic field of the electromagnet generates emf in the winding. The rechargeable unit is electrically connected to both the electric motor and the electromagnet so that the emf is stored in the rechargeable unit or supply to an external electric load. The battery case includes an electrical wire electrically connected to the winding.